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Hml205: Clinical Pharmacology Question Paper

Hml205: Clinical Pharmacology 

Course:Bachelor Of Science In Medical Microbiology

Institution: Kenyatta University question papers

Exam Year:2011



KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2010/2011

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE (MEDICAL LABORATORY)
HML 205:
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

DATE: Monday, 29th November, 2010

TIME: 11.00 a.m. – 1.00 p.m.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer ALL questions in Section A.
SECTION A (15 MARKS)
1.
Explain the following terms:

a)
Pharmacokinetics





(2 marks)

b)
Pharmacodynamcis




(2 marks)

c)
Drug






(1 mark)

2.
Explain the following terms giving specific examples:

a)
Plasma half-life





(2 marks)

b)
Drug bioavailability




(2 marks)

c)
Drug nomenclature




(1 mark)

3.
Outline the various mechanisms of drug transport through a biological membrane










(5 marks)



Page 1 of 8


SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ONE question only.
4.
a)
Name the main organs involved in drug biotransformation (4 marks)

b)
Calculate the degree of ionization of a weak acidic drug (Acetysalicylic
acid) with a Pka of 4, in the stomach where the pH is 2. Estimate the
extent of absorption of the drug.



(10 marks)
c)
Discuss zero order and first oder kinetics of drug elimination.
(6 marks)

5.
a)
Discuss factors that modify drug action


(15 marks)

b)
A medical lab. Student wanted to study the effects of 6% w/v
pentobarbitone sodium after I.V. at 30 mg/kg bwt in a 3.5 kg rabbit.
Calculate the volume of pentobarbitone injected.

(5 marks)

SECTION C (15 MARKS)
6.
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic parameter

a)
Tmax

b)
Apparent volume of Distribution

c)
Drug half life

d)
Drug receptor complex
7.
Which of the processes is part of phase II drug biotransformation:

a)
Conjugation

b)
Oxidation

c)
Reduction

d)
Hydrolysis
8.
1000mg of a certain drug is injected intravenously producing a steady state
plasma concentration of 50 mg/L. The estimated apparent volume of distribution
is
a)
20.0 litres
b)
200.0 litres
c)
0.2 litres
d)
2.0 litres

Page 2 of 8



9.
Thiopentone sodium effect is terminated through:

a)
Direct decrease in myocardial contractility

b)
Fall in systematic vascular resistance

c)
Redistribution

d)
Decrease in hepatic drug concentration

10.
A solution of local anesthetic contains 2% w/v lignocaine. How much lignocaine
has been added?

a)
2 mg/ml

b)
20 mg/ml

c)
0.2 mg/ml

d)
20 mg/L

11.
Which of the following equipment is NOT an essential component of an
organbath?

a)
Water bath

b)
Kymograph

c)
Tissue bath

d)
Condenser
12.
Which of the drugs is bound to albumin?

a)
Ligocaine

b)
Tetracycline’s

c)
Methadone

d)
Quinidine
13.
Which enzyme is mainly involved in drug metabolism:

a)
Cytochrome p – 450

b)
Cytochrome P – 448

c)
Glucuronyl Peptidase

d)
Lipases



Page 3 of 8


14.
The following drugs inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes EXCEPT,

a)
Clarithromycin

b)
Chloramphenical

c)
Ciprofloxacin

d)
Phenobarbitone

15.
Which of the following is not a prodrug:

a)
Levodopa

b)
Prednisone

c)
Ampicillin

d)
Enalapril

16.
The following are accessories required for recording of blood pressure EXCEPT.

a)
bull-dog clamp

b)
triway cannula

c)
Stirrer

d)
arterial/venous cannula

17.
For mammalian tissue physiological salt solutions should be maintained at
temperature of:

a)
27oC

b)
37oC

c)
47oC

d)
4oC
18.
Which one of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic parameter

a)
Cmax

b)
Tmax

c)
tachyphlaxis

d)
Apparent volume of distribution




Page 4 of 8


19.
The aeration requirement for heart muscle tissues is

a)
Air/02

b)
02

c)
02 + 5% CO2

d)
None of the above

20.
Which of the drug is NOT bound to plasma albumin:

a)
warfarin

b)
Barbiturates

c)
penicillins

d)
quinidine

21.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for amphibian tissue:

a)
ringer – Locke solution

b)
frog-ringer solution

c)
Krebs’s solution

d)
tyrode solution

22.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for mammalian an avian skeletal
muscle tissue:

a)
Ringer-Locke solution

b)
Frog-ringer solution

c)
Krebs’s solution

d)
Tyrode solution

23.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for intestinal tissue:-

a)
Ringer- Locke solution

b)
Frog-ringer solution

c)
Krebs’s solution

d)
Tyrode solution



Page 5 of 8


24.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for heart muscle tissue:

a)
Ringer-Locke solution

b)
Frog-ringer solution

c)
Krebs’s solution

d)
Tyrode solution

25.
Calculate the percentage of non-ionized drug molecules for a weakly acidic with
pka of 4 and in an environmental PH of 1

a)
90.9%

b)
99.09%

c)
1.0%

d)
10.0%

26.
Biotransformation of drugs mainly takes place in the

a)
Plasma

b)
Intestines

c)
Liver

d)
Kidney

27.
Which of the following may be used to explain mechanisms of drug absorption?

a)
Newton’s Law

b)
Ficks law

c)
Kirchhoff’s law

d)
Ohm’s law

28.
Which statement is NOT true about prodrugs

a)
Should be restricted in case of liver disease

b)
Are metabolized to active drug molecules in the body

c)
May have better pharmacokinetic profile than the active drug

d)
May never reach the site of action


Page 6 of 8


29.
A 50 kg patient has a drug concentration in plasma of 0.2mg/ml and a urinary
drug concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. Calculate the renal clearance of the patient
given that the urine flow rate is 10ml/min

a)
2.0 ml/min/kg

b)
0.2 ml/min/kg

c)
20.0 ml/min/kg

d)
0.02 ml/min/kg

30.
Given that Renal blood flow is 1200 ml/min, glomerular filtration rate is 125
ml/min and urine flow is 1.5 ml/min, the percentage of blood that is filtered is:

a)
0.11%

b)
1.1%

c)
11

d)
5.2

31.
Which of the following active drugs is NOT converted to active metabolite

a)
Codeine

b)
Diazepam

c)
Phenacetin

d)
Adrenaline

32.
The proprietary name of a drug;

a)
Is also referred to as the approved name

b)
Is cumbersome and difficult to use in prescriptions

c)
Is the genetic name of the drug

d)
Is the property of the manufacturer

33.
The dosage form suitable for vaginal administration are called

a)
enema

b)
Suppositories

c)
pesseries

d)
Pellets

Page 7 of 8



34.
The bioavailability of intravenous administered drug is:

a)
10%

b)
100%

c)
50%

d)
25%

35.
The most expensive route of drug administration is:

a)
Intravenous route

b)
Rectal route

c)
Oral route

d)
Transdermal therapeutic system



























Page 8 of 8






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