(i) Predisposing factors
Overcrowding of calves in the pen.
Dampness/chilliness in the pen.
Poor ventilation.
Age/younger calves are more prone to pneumonia than older calves
Effects of diarrhoea and other illness.
(ii) Symptoms
Rough hair coats/ruffled hair.
Loss of appetite.
Abnormal lung sounds e.g. whizzing.
Emaciation, frequent coughing.
Nasal discharge.
Fluctuating body temperature.
Dull and reluctant to move.
(iii) Control measures
Treating the sick calve with antibiotics.
Providing warmth in pens.
Maintaining good sanitation In pens.
Isolating sick calves to avoid spread of the disease.
Mohaissack answered the question on October 10, 2017 at 11:11
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