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Data/ program independence
This refers to the independence between data stored in files and the software programs
required to update and maintain those files.
(i) Importance of data/program independence:
It enables changes to a database to be implemented easily. For instance, in a system changes in
data such as tax rates or ZIP code length do not require changes to the programs that access
the data.
(ii) Security features that need to be instituted:
1.Backup and recovery procedures to enable recovery from system failure.
2.Authorization- To prevent unauthorized access to data. Authorization may be
throughusernames and passwords.
3.Transaction locks i.e. writhe locks and read locks. These prevent the problem of
lostupdates (situation that arises when two or more programs try to update a database
concurrently but the resultant update is incorrect)
o Checkpoints and journals. A checkpoint is a ?snapshot? of the database before
it wasupdated by a program(s). A journal holds the details of subsequent updates to a
database. Checkpoints and journals assist in recovery from system failure.
p Provision of different views of the database for different categories of users inorder
tolimit access to sensitive data.
q Encryption –Coding of data by special algorithm that renders them unreadable
withoutdecryption. Encryption prevents unauthorized access to sensitive data.
gregorymasila answered the question on November 20, 2017 at 15:21
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