Cycles: matter cycles continually through the web of life, hence ecosystems do not generate waste.
Solar energy: this is the fundamental source of energy that drives all ecological cycles. (This is why agroecology gives emphasis to plant diversity as plants transform solar energy into chemical energy which drives all other networks and food webs.)
Partnership: exchanges of energy and resources in an ecosystem are sustained by pervasive cooperation, not competition. (The challenge then is to design synergistic systems.)
Diversity: all ecosystems derive stability and resilience through the richness of diversity.
Dynamic balance: an ecosystem is a flexible, ever-fluctuating network.
Networks
George1 answered the question on December 8, 2017 at 05:11
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