(i) Level 1
-Pre-conventional reasoning/ morality (1) No internalization of moral values/ reward and punishment.
Stage 1 - Heteronymous morality/ moral thinking is often tied to punishment (1).
Stage 2 - Individualism/ instrumental/ purpose/ exchange stage. Individual pursue their own interests but also let others to do the same. People are nice to others so that they will be nice them in return (1)
(ii) Level II
-Conventional reasoning/ morality (1) internalization is immediate determined by relations and social systems.
Stage 3 - good boy/ good girl stage/ moral interpersonal relationship/ interpersonal conformity. The child adopts parents moral standards, individual value trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgement (1)
Stage 4 - Social system loyalty/ law and order stage moral judgement are based on the understanding that social order/ justice/ duty (1)
iii) Level III
-Post conventional reasoning morality (1) morality completely internalized and is based on other's standards. The individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options and then decides on personal moral code.
Stage 5 - Social contract/ utility and individual right
One sees morality as a matter of entering into a rational contract with one's fellow human being/ to be kind to each other, respect authority and follow law to the extend that they respect and promote those universal values (1)
Stage 6 - Universal ethical principle.
A person has developed a moral standard based on Universal human rights. If there is a conflict between a social law or custom and universal principles, the universal principle takes precedence (1)
OR
i. No moral understanding
During early infancy, the physical consequences an action determine whether it is good or bad regardless of the human meaning.
The child is egocentric and moral standards are external and therefore the child has no true moral understanding of what is right or wrong.
ii. Make believe orientation
At this stage, the child recognises his own point ofview/self and is able to account others roles in as far as he can obtain what he wants. Right action consists of what satisfies the child’s needs and the child does what seeks approval from others and therefore behaviour that pleases others is moral.
iii. Conformist stage
At this stage, the child is able to adopt other people’sviewpoints. The child grasps the ideal nature of golden rules and what others want and think decides his morality. The child does not decide what is right and wrong but simply follows rules which are given by others. He is a conformist to the standards of society.
iv. Law and order stage
`With respect to the view of one’s society only. At this stage, the child takes the views point of his society and uses it to decide what is right or wrong without finding out what other `````people could think, e.g. FGM, ways of dressing, eating (from our community), and different cultures.
v. Considering the view point of other societies
At this stage the laws of the individual’s on society cannot be taken as the only basis of morality. The individual examines and recognises different viewpoints taken by other societies.
vi. The universal view point
This is the last and most advanced stage of moral development. The individual formulates universal ethical principles to which all societies should follow. This is the true understanding of right and wrong and a true moral consciousness, e.g. the human rights.
johnmulu answered the question on March 27, 2017 at 06:59
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