Describe the evolution of computer

Before the era of computer begins, counting machine was invented to help people with business industry. The usage of counting machine, begin as early as 200 B.C. Evolution of computers can be traced at 7 stages:
a) The early years
b) First generation
c) Second generation
d) Third generation
e) Fourth generation
f) Fifth generation
g) New era generation
A. The early years
B. First Generation (1940 1956)

1. Presper Eckert and William Mauchly built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946.
2. ENIAC use vacuum tubes rather than mechanical switches in Mark 1.
3. In 1951, Eckert and Machly build UNIVAC (Universal automatic computer) which can calculate at the rate of 10 thousand additions per second.
4. New technology was needed in the invention of technology. These technologies are
a) Vacuum tube an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs. It was used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were used.
b) Punched card used to store data
c) Magnetic tape introduced in 1957. It is used to store data. Was a faster and more compact method of storing data.
5. Problems:
a) The vacuum tubes generated great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control.
b) The tubes burnt out frequently.
c) People operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine.

C. Second Generation (1956 1963)

1. The second generation computer scientists invented something new due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes.
2. The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were:
a) John Bardeen
b) Walter Houser Brattain
c) William Shockley
3. The creation of transistor sparks the production of second generation computers. Transistor is a small devices use to transfer electronic signal across a resistor.
4. The advantages of transistor: a) Smaller than vacuum tubes b) Need no warm up time c) Consumed less energy d) Generated much less heat
e) Faster
f) More reliable

D. Third Generation (1964 - 1971)

1. IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and sizes. It is used for business and scientific programs. 2. Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600, BZ 500. 3. New hardware technology:
a) Silicone chip were manufactured in 1961 at the silicone valley.
5Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society
b) Integrated circuit technology, which had reduced the size and cost of computers. It is a complete electronic circuit or a small chip of silicone which is also known as semiconductor.
c) The magnetic core memory was replaced by microchip. (The first 253 bit Ram, basis for the development of the 1K bit Ram).
4. Advantages:
a) Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper.
b) Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry.
c) Customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks)
5. Software technology:
a) More sophisticated
b) Several programs run at the same time c) Sharing computer resources d) Support interactive processing
E. Fourth Generation (1971 Present)

1. It took only 55 years for the 4th generations to evolve.
2. The growth of the computer industry developed technologies of computer inventions.
3. There are many types of computer models such as
a) Apple Macintosh
b) IBM
c) DELL
d) ACER
4. In 1971, Intel created first microprocessor 5. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer 6. In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer 7. Among the famous inventors in fourth generations were:
a) Bill Gates who invented Microsoft
b) Michael Dell who invented Dell Computer
8. Hardware technology invented in fourth generation were
a) Silicone chip
b) Microprocessor
a specialized chip developed for computer memory and logic
It is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors.
The transistors on this one chip are capable of performing all of the functions of a computers central processing unit.
c) Storage devices
9. Advantages:
a) 100 times smaller than ENIAC (the first computer)
b) Faster
c) Reliable
d) Greater storage capacity
e) Personal and software industry boomed

F. Fifth generation (present and beyond)

1. New hardware technology:
a) Silicone chips
b) Processor
c) Robotics
d) Virtual reality
e) Intelligent system
f) Programs which translate languages

G. New Era Computer

1. Super Computers
Fastest, most powerful, most expensive.
Used in applications such as sending astronauts into space, testing safety and aerodynamic features on cars and aircraft, controlling missile guidance systems, and weather forecasting which required extreme accuracy and immense speed to perform the complex calculation.
2. Mainframe computers
Large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected user simultaneously.
Used in large organization to handle high volume processing of business transactions and routine paperwork.
3. Mini computer
Medium sized computer
Usually used as servers, with several PCs or other devices networked to access the midrange computers resources.
4. Personal computers
- Small computer system, designed to be used by one person at a time.
- Widely used in small and large businesses. Examples: tracking merchandise, billing customer, manage company accounts.
5. Mobile computers personal computer that you can carry from place to place
6. Expert system teleconferencing, speech recognition system

---

Moraa orina answered the question on April 26, 2018 at 07:18