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a) They used force to fight for their independence.
b) Africans used mass media to articulate their grievances, spread propaganda and mobilize the
masses.
c) Riots e.g. the Soweto riots of 1976 against the proposal to make Afrikaner (Boer language) the
medium of instruction in all schools.
d) There were demonstrations against Press Laws in 1960 at Sharpeville leading to massacres.
e) Guerilla fighters trained in Algeria, Ghana etc carried out acts of sabotage like bombing strategic
installations and power plants.
f) The role of the clergy .e.g. Desmond Tutu who bitterly campaigned worldwide against apartheid.
g) Use of diplomacy and negotiations to convince the whites about the futility of apartheid policy.
h) Use of slogans such as Freedom Charter (1955) which proclaimed south Africa belonged to all races
and called for political, social and economic equality
i) They sent petitions, delegations to international forum.
j) They formed political parties e.g. ANC, PAC, UDF and trade union activism to pressurize the
government to change.
k) They used job boycotts and strikes.
l) They organized defiance campaigns and demonstrations in the streets to provoke the police to arrest
them.
m) They formed underground movements after the Umkhonto we Sizwe.
ericmunguti answered the question on September 19, 2018 at 13:23
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