Entropy – The tendency towards disorder (chaos) in a system. The more closed a system is, the greater the entropy.
Feedback –Feedback involves measuring the output of the system, comparing the output with a standard and using any difference to modify subsequent input to ensure that the outputs conforms to the required standard.
Feed-forward – It means to take steps to make some adjustments to the system in advance in order to face any expected deviations in future. Feedback monitors the past results whereas feed-forward deals with future outcomes.
Functional Decomposition – This involves factoring a system to its constituent subsystems. The subsystems are also decomposed further into manageable sizes resulting in a hierarchy structure of a system. Decomposition is used to analyse the existing system, to design and finally implement a new system.
Functional cohesion – Involves dividing into subsystems by grouping activities that logically go together.
Coupling – Occurs when two systems are highly interrelated.
Decoupling – This is a process in which the subsystems are given autonomy and independence. The subsystems operate independently thereby pursuing own objectives and enhancing flexibility.
Synergy – The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. At this point the focus is on global system needs, not local issues. It means that more than one system working together produce more result than each would achieve independently.
Optimization – It is possible to achieve a best solution.
Sub-optimization – It is an occurrence that occurs when the objectives of one element or subsystem conflicts with the objectives of the whole system.
Goal-seeking – systems attempt to stabilize at a certain point.
Holism – the analysis of a system is considered from the point of view of the whole system and not on individual subsystems. Subsystems are studied in the context of the entire system.
Steve ju answered the question on October 6, 2018 at 10:47
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