A provision is an amount written off or retained by charging it in the profit and loss
account i.e. writing off by way of providing for depreciation or reduction in value of assets.
A provision is retained by way of providing for any known liability of which the amount
cannot be ascertained accurately.
A liability is an amount owing which is accurately known. Therefore the difference
between a provision and a liability will be based on the accuracy of the amount. Rent owing
at the end of the financial year would normally be known with precision thus it would be a
liability. Legal charges for a court case for which the lawyers have not yet submitted their
bill would be a provision.
A reserve is an amount set aside from the profits (from the profit and loss appropriation
account). A reserve may also arise fro events out of the profit and loss account (e.g. for
capital reserves we have share premium). Normally the reserves are set aside for specific
purpose as sometimes it may not be necessary to distribute all the profits of the company
to shareholders. E.g. revenue reserves may be used to pay out bonus shares, share premium
may be used to write off preliminary expenses and so on.
Mutiso answered the question on November 16, 2018 at 13:41
- Nzioka is a grocer who had not kept complete books of account. The following was a summary of his bank statements for the ear ended...(Solved)
Nzioka is a grocer who had not kept complete books of account. The following was a summary of his bank statements for the ear ended 31 October 2000:
The following information is also available
1. Trading receipts consists partly of cash and party of cheques. During the year. Nzioka had
paid out of his cash takings wages amounting to Sh.590.000 and sundry expenditure of Sh
28.000. He retained Sh.600 a week (assume 52 ~weeks in a year) pocket money and
maintained a balance of Sh.4.000 in the till tot-change. The balance of his takings. together
with cheques amounting to Sh.50,000 which he had cashed out of his takings was paid into
the bank.
2. Cheque drawn payable to trade creditors. But not presented at I November 1999
amounted to Sh56000 and at 3I October 2000 Sh.64.000.
3. All dishonoured cheques were re-presented and honoured during the year.
4. The loan interest was paid to the lender who had lent Nzioka Sh.800.000 some years ago
at a rate of 3°o p.a. The interest was duly paid half-yearly on 31 January and 31 July and
the loan was still outstanding at the close of the year.
5. Discounts allowed by trade creditors amounted to Sh.96.000 and those allowed to debtors
were Sh. 104.000.
Required:
(a) A statement of Nzioka's capital on 1 November 1999.
(b) Profit and loss account for the year ended 31 October 2000 and a balance sheet at
that date.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Literary and, Philosophical Society
as at 30 September 2000(Solved)
The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Literary and, Philosophical Society
as at 30 September 2000:
Additional information:
1: The bar stock was valued at Sh.642.800 as at 30 September 2000.
2. It is expected that of the debtors for subscriptions, Sh.43.600 will not be collectable.
3. The interest account is net. The loan is at a concessional rate of 4% while I0% has been
earned on the deposit account. No changes have taken place all year in the principal sums
involved.
4. An invoice for Sh.43.000 of wine had been omitted from the records at the close of the year
although the wine had been included in the bar stock valuation.
5.Depreciation for the rear is to be provided as follows: Furniture and fittings Sh. 194.000
Projectors. Cameras etc. Sh. 19.000
Required:
(a) Bar and restaurant trading account for the year ended 30 September 2000.
(b) An income and expenditure account for the year ended 30 September 2000.
(c) A balance sheet as at 30 September 2000.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Munyah Ltd. is an expanding company and the following accounts relate to its operations for the years 1999 and 2000:(Solved)
Munyah Ltd. is an expanding company and the following accounts relate to its operations for the years 1999 and 2000:
Required:
(i) Compute six accounting ratios for both 1999 and 200(1 which you feel would be of
particular value in assessing the Profitability and Liquidity of Munyah Ltd.
(ii) Comment on the current position of the company with the aid of the accounting ratios
computed in (i) above and any other information that you consider to be relevant.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- List the main advantages of ratio analysis(Solved)
List the main advantages of ratio analysis.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- The following balances were extracted from the books of Wamu Traders Ltd.as at 30 September 2000(Solved)
The following balances were extracted from the books of Wamu Traders Ltd.as at 30 September 2000:
The following additional information is available:
1. Depreciation is provided annually on the cost of fixed assets held at the end of the
financial year at the following rate:
Freehold buildings 20%
Fixtures and fittings 10%
2. The trade debtors balance includes Sh. 10,000 due from Musa who has now been declared
bankrupt. In the circumstances, it has been decided to write the debt off as a bad debt.
3. The provision for doubtful debts as at 30 September 2000 is to be 5°,% of trade debtors
4. Establishment expenses prepaid at 30 September 2000 amounted to Sh.4,000.
5. Administration expenses accrued at 30 September 2000 amounted to Sh.7.000.
6. The company paid the interest on the loan stock for the year, ended 30 September 2000 on 30
October 2000.
7. Closing stock was valued at Sh.560,000.
8. The company's directors propose that the preference share dividend be paid and a
dividend of 10% the ordinary shares he paid.
Required:
(i) Trading and profit and loss account and appropriation account for the sear ended 30
September 2000 of Wamu Traders Ltd.
(ii) Balance sheet as at 30 September 2000.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Briefly state the reasons why a company would not wish to distribute all its profits to its
shareholders(Solved)
Briefly state the reasons why a company would not wish to distribute all its profits to its
shareholders.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Two accounting concepts or conventions could clash or there could be
inconsistency between them.
Give two examples of such situations and explain how the inconsistency should be
resolved.(Solved)
Two accounting concepts or conventions could clash or there could be inconsistency between them.
Give two examples of such situations and explain how the inconsistency should be
resolved.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Define the following accounting concepts and for each explain their implication in the preparation of financial Statements.
(i) The Going concern concept.
(ii) Business entity concept.
(iii) Materiality.
(iv)...(Solved)
Define the following accounting concepts and for each explain their implication in the preparation of financial Statements.
(i) The Going concern concept.
(ii) Business entity concept.
(iii) Materiality.
(iv) Realisation.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Joyce Njeri runs a City Market stall selling curios of all descriptions. Most of her sales are for
cash, although regular customers are allowed credit. No...(Solved)
Joyce Njeri runs a City Market stall selling curios of all descriptions. Most of her sales are for
cash, although regular customers are allowed credit. No double entry accounting records have
been kept, but the following information is available.
Net Assets Summary at 31 March 1999
Additional information:
1. Joyce Njeri bought a new motor van in January 2000 receiving a part-exchange
allowance of Sh.1,800,000 for her old van. A full year's depreciation is to be
provided on the new van, calculated at 20% on cost.
2. Joyce Njeri has taken Sh.50,000 per week for her personal use. She also estimates
that petrol for the van, paid in cash, averages Sh.10,000 per week.
3. Other items paid in cash during the year were:
- Sundry expenses Sh.24, 000
- Repairs stall roof Sh.20 1,000
4. Joyce Njeri makes a gross profit of 40% on selling prices. She is certain that no goods
have been stolen but remembers that when her friend Anne Mwende was getting
married, she gave her a wedding gift of curios worth Sh.100,000. Earlier in the year, she
had presented curios worth Sh.200,000 to her mother to be sold at her brother's
university fees fundraiser. Both these figures are stated at selling prices.
5. Trade debtors and creditors at 31 March 2000 are Sh.320,000 and Sh.233,000
respectively, and cash in hand amounts to Sh.39,000. No stock count has been
made and there are no accrued or prepaid expenses.
Interest amounting to Sh.27, 000 on bank overdraft for six months ended 31 March 2000
was debited in the bank statement on 1 April 2000.
Required:
Joyce Njeri's trading and profit and loss account for the year to 31 March 2000 and a balance
sheet as at that date. (Assume a 52-week year).
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Kamau and Kimani are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio 3:2 respectively. The
partnership agreement provides for Kimani to receive a salary of Sh.4,000,000...(Solved)
Kamau and Kimani are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio 3:2 respectively. The
partnership agreement provides for Kimani to receive a salary of Sh.4,000,000 per annum, and
interest on capitals for both partners at 5% per annum. The partnership balance sheet as at 31
December 1998 was as follows:
On I April 1999 Kimata was admitted to the partnership. He had been a salaried employee,
earning Sh.8, 000,000 per annum. The terms of his admission to the partnership were as
follows:
1. Kimata should introduce Sh. 12,000,000 in cash as capital into the business.
2. Goodwill should be valued at Sh.14, 000,000 for the purpose of his admission. It was
agreed that goodwill should not be included in the balance sheet of the new partnership.
3. Kimata should receive a salary as a partner of Sh.6 , 000,000 per annum.
Kimani's salary should be raised to Sh.6, 000,000.
4. Interest on capital should be raised from 5% to 6% per annum and calculated on the
capital accounts after the elimination of goodwill.
5. The new profit sharing ratio for Kamau, Kimani and Kimata should be 4:2:1
respectively.
In preparing the draft financial statements for the year ended 31 December 1999, the
partnership accountant, Otieno, calculated that the partnerships profit for the year was Sh.55,
155,000, and that the working capital of the business as at 31 December 1999 was:
Profit is assumed to accrue evenly during the year.
Partners cash drawings for the year were Kamau Sh.23,705,000, Kimani Sh.19,525,000 and
Kimata Sh.8,250,000.
Required:
(a) The profit and loss appropriation account for the year ended 3 1 December 1999.
(b) The current and capital accounts of the partners for the year ended 31 December
1999.
(c) Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1999.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- Mr. Ancentus Okwengo is the sole proprietor of a small business. The following trial balance
was extracted from his books at 31 March 2000.(Solved)
Mr. Ancentus Okwengo is the sole proprietor of a small business. The following trial balance
was extracted from his books at 31 March 2000.
Additional information:
1. Closing stock on 3 1 March
2000 was Sh.2, 008,000.
Loose tools at valuation
Sh.384, 000.
2 .Provision is to be made for the following amount
owing on 3 1 March 2000: Electricity and power
Sh.192,000.
3. Payments in advance on 31 March
2000 were as follows: Van licenses
Sh.2,520 and rates Sh.13,800.
4. Depreciation on plant and machinery and delivery vans is to be provided at the rate of
20% and 25% respectively on cost at the end of the year.
5. Bad debts amounting to Sh.26,000 are to be written off and the provision for
doubtful debts is to be 10% of trade debtors.
Required:
A ten-column worksheet for the year ended 31 March 2000.
Date posted: November 16, 2018. Answers (1)
- The trial balance of Zach Ltd. as at 31 December 1999 was as follows:(Solved)
The trial balance of Zach Ltd. as at 31 December 1999 was as follows:
Additional information:
1. Stock at 31 December 1999 was Sh.360,000.
2. Sales returns of Sh.20,000 have been entered in the sales day book as if they were sales.
When this error was discovered, the debtors account had been corrected but the sales figure
was not rectified.
3. 5000 new shares were issued during the year at Sh.32. The proceeds have been credited to
the suspense account.
4. A fully depreciated plant which cost Sh.200,000 was sold during the year. No other entries except
bank have been made. The remaining balance on the suspense account after (2 and 3) above
represents the sale proceeds.
5. A debtor of Sh.20,000 has been declared bankrupt. A general provision is required at 5% of
debtors.
6. Rates of Sh.30,000 paid in December covering half year to 31 March 2000 have not been
entered in the books.
7. Debenture interest has not been paid.
8. Depreciation on plant is at 10% on cost and buildings at 2% on cost.
9. The directors propose to pay a dividend of Sh.2 per share and transfer Sh.20,000 to the
general reserve.
10. Corporation tax at a rate of 32'/2% on profits is estimated to be Sh.90,000.
Required:
(a)Suspense account for the year ended 3I December 1999
(b)Trading,profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 1999.
(c) Balance sheet as at 31 December 1999.
Date posted: November 15, 2018. Answers (1)
- a) Internal control systems are designed, amongst other things, to prevent error and...(Solved)
a) Internal control systems are designed, amongst other things, to prevent error and misappropriation.
Required:
Describe the errors and misappropriations that may occur if the following are not properly controlled: (i) Receipts paid into bank accounts;
ii)Payments made out of bank accounts; (iii) Interest and charges debited and credited to bank accounts.
(b) A book-selling company has a head office and 25 shops, each of which holds cash (banknotes, coins, and credit card vouchers) at the balance sheet date. There are no receivables. Accounting records are held at shops. Shops make returns to head office and head office holds its own accounting records. Your firm has been the external auditor to the company for many years and has offices near to the location of some but not all of the shops.
Required:
List the audit objectives for the audit of cash and state how you would gain the audit evidence in relation to those objectives at the year-end.
c) The external auditors of companies often write to companies’ bankers asking for details of bank balances and other matters at the year-end.
Required:
Explain why auditors write to companies’ bankers and list the matters you would expect banks to confirm.
Date posted: May 11, 2018. Answers (1)