(i) Uniform costing refers to the use of the same costing principles and practices by several
undertakings, which undertakings mayor may not be under the same management.
Adherence to the same costing methods and procedures especially when there can be two or more
options is the characteristic feature of a uniform system of costing.
(ii) Advantages of uniform costing
- The management of an individual firm / unit will be saved of the work of developing and
introducing a costing system of their own.
-A uniform costing system for the firms in the same industry is provided for the adoption of
such undertakings. Since the system is devised by manual consultation and after considering
the difficulties and circumstances prevailing in the various undertakings, therefore it is
readily adopted and successfully implemented.
- It facilitates comparison of cost figures of various firms. Such a comparison enables the
firms to identify their weak and strong points and control costs effectively and efficiently.
- The availability of cost data of other firms in the industry enables each firm to know its
standing in the industry.
-The benefits of research and development of bigger firms are made available to smaller
firms at no cost.
- This system of costing requires the introduction of a uniform wage system in all the firms in
the industry. The introduction of a uniform wage system reduces labour turnover.
- It helps trade associations in negotiating with the government in trade matters, particularly,
when an industry seeks any assistance or concession from the government in matters of
subsidies, exports, taxation, duties and price determination, etc.
- Uniform costing is of great help in price fixation. Unhealthy competition is avoided between
the firms in the same industry in framing policies and submitting tenders.
- It helps the government also in regulating the prices of essential and important items such as
bread, flour, sugar, cement and steel etc.
marto answered the question on February 21, 2019 at 09:30
- ABC Company limited produces four products A, B, C and D
The following information is provided
1. The joint processing requires 10,000 kilograms of raw materials input,...(Solved)
ABC Company limited produces four products A, B, C and D
The following information is provided
1. The joint processing requires 10,000 kilograms of raw materials input, costing sh. 6 million
2. Joint process labour and material costs are sh. 5,920,000
3. Normal loss is 20% of raw material input, with product A's output being 2000 kilogram mes,
product B's output being 2,500 kilogram mes, product C's output being 2,500 kilogram mes and
the balance being from product D. No abnormal loss was reported.
4. Product A enters into process 2 incurring a further cost of sh. 1,255,000 , product B enters
process 3 incurring a further cost of sh. 1,493,750 product C enters into process 4 incurring a
further cost of sh. 1,118,750. Product D does not require additional processing. There are no
further processing costs.
5. The company‟s policy is to apportion joint costs on the basis of output
6. The selling price of each unit of products A, B C and D is sh. 1,500, sh. 3,460, sh. 2760 and sh.
1,000 respectively.
7. The company is in the process of analyzing the performance of each product in order to make
better decisions.
Required:
a) i) Cost per unit of product A
ii) Profit and loss statement for each individual product and for the company in a columnar
format
b) The company's management intends to start using the net realizable value method to allocate
joint costs. Show how this method would affect the profitability of individual products and that
of the company in (a) (ii) above.
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Nyungu Limited is a manufacture of earthenware products. The undergo two processes; A and B(Solved)
Nyungu Limited is a manufacture of earthenware products. The undergo two processes; A and B
Additional information
1. Conversion costs are applied uniformly throughout the two processes.
2. Normal loss is 5% of throughput in both processes.
3. Scrap for normal loss is Sh. 250 per unit in process A and Sh. 500 per unit in process B.
4. Actual loss is 4,000 units in process A and 1,500 units in process B.
Required:
a) Statement of equivalent units for process A and B
b) For process A:
i) Total cost of production transferred to process B.
ii) Total cost of closing work-in-progress
c) For process B:
i) Total cost of production transferred to finished goods.
ii) Total cost of closing work-in-progress.
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Usafi Limited manufactures a brand of shampoo branded "Urembo". The company blends a liquid
soap with a special ingredient which has no significant volume. The resulting...(Solved)
Usafi Limited manufactures a brand of shampoo branded 'Urembo'. The company blends a liquid
soap with a special ingredient which has no significant volume. The resulting liquid is then put
into bottles costing Sh.5 each.
The following data relates to processing for the month of August 2011
Inputs into the blending process:
Additional information:
1. General overhead costs are absorbed on the basis of process labour costs at the rate of 100%.
2. The normal output of the blending process is 90% of input liquid soap.
3. The losses in the process take the form of a thicker soap which is sold for Sh.25 per litre.
4. The output from the process was 10,800 litres of Urembo which is equivalent to the monthly
budgeted output.
5. Each bottle of Urembo contains one third of a litre of shampoo and is sold for Sh.75.
Required:
(i) Process account for the blending in the month of August 2011.
(ii) Normal profit per bottle of shampoo.
c) The marketing department of Usafi Limited has made a proposal to rebrand Urembo as follows:
1. Change the name of the shampoo to "Urembo extra".
2. Use a different special ingredients costing 10% more than the existing one.
3. Use a different bottle design costing Sh.7.50 each but with the same capacity of one third of a
litre.
4. Undertake an advertising campaign costing Sh.4,374,000.
5. Maintain a maximum monthly budgeted output of 10,800 litres.
6. The production manager has forecasted the maximum shelf life of "Urembo extra" at 6
months.
7. Urembo extra has a potential of trading at a higher price than Urembo according to market
trend analysis.
Required:
Minimum price per bottle at which Urembo extra must be sold to maintain the company's current
profit level
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Jasho Ltd. manufactures a product branded 'Vumilia'. The marketing department of Jasho Ltd. has
expressed concern that the product has not been profitable. The department has...(Solved)
Jasho Ltd. manufactures a product branded 'vumilia'. The marketing department of Jasho Ltd. has
expressed concern that the product has not been profitable. The department has therefore
recommended that appropriate action be taken to stem the losses.
Vumilia is produced from material Exe which is one of two materials jointly produced by passing
chemicals through a process. The other material is Wye.
During the month of February 2012, the following data was recorded for the process.
Additional information:
1. Joint costs are apportioned to the two materials, Exe and Wye according to the weight of output.
2. Production costs incurred in converting material Exe into finished product "Vumilia" are Sh.3 per
kilogramme of material used.
3. Normal loss for the process is 10% with no scrap value.
4. The selling price per kilogramme of "Vumilia" is Sh.7.
5. Material Wye is sold without further processing for Sh.8 per kilogramme.
Required;
a) Calculate the profit/loss per kilogramme of product 'Vumilia' and material 'Wye'.
b) Analyse the marketing department's recommendation and advise the company as appropriate.
c) Demonstrate an alternative joint cost apportionment for product 'Vumilia'. Comment briefly on
the alternative method of apportionment.
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Smarta Ltd. manufactures flower pots for sale. The company does not carry any stock of finished
goods as it manufactures specifically to customer's orders. However, the...(Solved)
Smarta Ltd. manufactures flower pots for sale. The company does not carry any stock of finished
goods as it manufactures specifically to customer's orders. However, the company holds a range
of raw materials in the stores.
The following information relates to the company's operations for the mouths of August and
September 2012:
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- (i) Briefly explain the difference between job costing and batch costing.
(ii) Outline three features of job costing.(Solved)
(i) Briefly explain the difference between job costing' and batch costing'.
(ii) Outline three features of job costing.
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- a) Explain why it is necessary to distinguish between direct labour and indirect labour, with
particular reference to the effect on gross profit and net profit.
b)...(Solved)
a) Explain why it is necessary to distinguish between direct labor and indirect labor, with
particular reference to the effect on gross profit and net profit.
b) Unique Ltd. manufactures a single product. The product passes through three processes before
completion. In the month of January 2013, the following data was recorded in respect to process
Required:
i) Statement of equivalent production.
ii) Statement of costs.
iii) Process 2 account
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Nald Ltd. manufactures a chemical product and uses process costing to account for its work in
progress. During the month of October 2013, 5,000 units...(Solved)
Nald Ltd. manufactures a chemical product and uses process costing to account for its work in
progress. During the month of October 2013, 5,000 units were introduced to process 1 and the
following costs were incurred:
Additional information:
1. The normal loss in process 1 was estimated at 10%.
2. The scrapped normal loss units were sold at Sh.4 per unit.
3. Inspection is usually done at the end of the process; therefore any units scrapped would have
passed through the entire process.
Required
i) Statement of equivalent production
ii) Statement of cost
iii) Statement of evaluation of finished goods
iv) Process 1 account
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Chemtex Ltd., a chemicals manufacturing company has two departments namely; MM and NN.
Department MM produces three types of chemicals; X, Y and Z using a...(Solved)
Chemtex Ltd., a chemicals manufacturing company has two departments namely; MM and NN.
Department MM produces three types of chemicals; X, Y and Z using a common process.
Each of the chemicals can either be sold by department MM to the external market at the split-off
point or can be transferred to department NN for individual further processing into products XL, YL
and ZL respectively.
4. Further processing leads to a normal loss of 5% at the beginning of the process for each of the
chemicals being manufactured.
Required:
Advise the management on which chemical(s), if any, should be subjected to further processing
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- Explain the meaning of the following terms in regard to the cost and financial accounting
systems:
i) Integrated cost accounts
ii) Interlocking cost accounts
iii) Cost ledger control account
iv)...(Solved)
Explain the meaning of the following terms in regard to the cost and financial accounting
systems:
i) Integrated cost accounts
ii) Interlocking cost accounts
iii) Cost ledger control account
iv) Cost ledger contra account
Date posted: February 21, 2019. Answers (1)
- More Ltd. is a medium size manufacturing company and it maintains separate cost and financialaccounting books. The financial accountant provided the following statement for the...(Solved)
More Ltd. is a medium size manufacturing company and it maintains separate cost and financial
accounting books. The financial accountant provided the following statement for the year ended 31
March 2004.
Required:
Prepare a profit reconciliation statement for the year ended 31 March 2004.
Date posted: February 19, 2019. Answers (1)
- Bora Ltd. Commenced its operations on 1 march 2005 with a fully paid up issued share capital of
Sh.500,000 represented by fixed assets of Sh.275,000 and...(Solved)
Bora Ltd. Commenced its operations on 1 march 2005 with a fully paid up issued share capital of
Sh.500,000 represented by fixed assets of Sh.275,000 and cash at bank of Sh.225,000.
The company has two departments; A and B.
As at 30 may 2005, the following transactions had taken place:
1. Credit purchases from suppliers amounted to Sh.573, 500 of which Sh.525, 000 were in respect
of raw materials and Sh.48, 500 were in respect of purchases classified in the ledger accounts
as production overhead items.
2. Production overhead costs absorbed in the period were:
9. Sales on credit amounted to Sh. 870,000 and the cost of these credit sales was Sh. 700,000.
10. Depreciation on production plant and equipment was Sh. 15,000.
11. Cash received from debtors totaled Sh. 520,000 and payments made to creditors totaled
Sh.150,000.
Required:
(i). Using integrated cost accounting system, record the above transactions for the three months
ended 30 May 2005.
(ii). Profit and loss account for the period ended 30 May 2005 and balance sheet as at 30 May
2005.
Date posted: February 19, 2019. Answers (1)
- State possible causes of differences between reported profits in cost accounting and financial
accounting under the non-integrated cost accounting system.(Solved)
State possible causes of differences between reported profits in cost accounting and financial
accounting under the non-integrated cost accounting system.
Date posted: February 19, 2019. Answers (1)
- Outline the advantages to a business firm of using an integrated cost accounting system.(Solved)
Outline the advantages to a business firm of using an integrated cost accounting system.
Date posted: February 19, 2019. Answers (1)
- Lenga Juu Ltd. Produces three products, Exe, Wye and Zed in a single process. For the months of
September 2006, the following budgeted figures were available:(Solved)
Lenga Juu Ltd. Produces three products, Exe, Wye and Zed in a single process. For the months of
September 2006, the following budgeted figures were available:
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- Smart Options Limited has been selling a product branded Exe for the last five years
The demand for product Exe for the past one year is...(Solved)
Smart Options Limited has been selling a product branded Exe for the last five years
The demand for product Exe for the past one year is as follows:
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- Mtwapa Ltd sells Rollum at the rate of 500 per day throughout a working year of 250 days. The
product is normally purchased by Mtwapa Ltd...(Solved)
Mtwapa Ltd sells Rollum at the rate of 500 per day throughout a working year of 250 days. The
product is normally purchased by Mtwapa Ltd ready for sale at Sh. 70 per unit. Investigations
have shown that Rollum can be made at the rate of 800 units per day in a part of the factory
presently unoccupied. The direct costs per unit are as follows:
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- Tengeneza Ltd makes three main products using broadly the same production methods and
equipment for each. A conventional product costing system is used at present, although...(Solved)
Tengeneza Ltd makes three main products using broadly the same production methods and
equipment for each. A conventional product costing system is used at present, although an
Activity Based Costing (ABC) system is being considered.
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- Briefly explain bases of apportionment of overheads.(Solved)
Briefly explain bases of apportionment of overheads.
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- Apex Furniture Ltd. manufactures three products: S, M and L.(Solved)
Apex Furniture Ltd. manufactures three products: S, M and L.
Date posted: February 15, 2019. Answers (1)