Difference between
(i) Functional budget and master budget
Functional budget – This is a budget that relates to any of the functions of an enterprise.
Functional budgets are subsidiary to the master budget. Examples include sales budget,
production budget, purchases budget and cash budget.
Master budget – This is the overall quantification of the budgeting plan of an organisation. It is a
consolidation of all the functional budgets into one overall budget but for the organisation as a
whole.
(ii)Rolling budgets and incremental budget
Rolling budgets – A rolling budget (continuous) is a budget that is continuously updated by
adding a period when the earlier budget period has lapsed or expired.
Incremental budget – This is a budget based on the previous year?s activity which is then
adjusted for volume and price effects. It is concerned mainly with the increments in costs and
revenue which will occur in the coming period.
marto answered the question on February 22, 2019 at 08:31
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XYZ Ltd. Carries on its business in Nairobi. The company has been reporting its profits using
absorption costing system. During the financial year ended 30 September...
(Solved)
XYZ Ltd. Carries on its business in Nairobi. The company has been reporting its profits using
absorption costing system. During the financial year ended 30 September 2005, the following
summary statement was provided:
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Jogi Transporters operate in the transport industry. On 1 December 2005, the management
acquired a new lorry to meet customer needs and cater for the increase...
(Solved)
Jogi Transporters operate in the transport industry. On 1 December 2005, the management
acquired a new lorry to meet customer needs and cater for the increase in business volume.
The following information relates to the initial and maintenance cost of the lorry.
Additional information:
1. The lorry has an economic life of 4 years.
2. The lorry has 6 tyres after each costing Sh.8000
3. Service is carried out after every 5,000 kilometres.
4. On average the lorry covers 20 kilometres per litre of fuel consumed.
5. The lorry is projected to cover 100,000 kilometres in January 2006, 25,000 kilometres in
Required:
Prepare a schedule for the three months showing
i. Variable costs per kilometer
ii. Fixed costs per kilometer
iii. Total costs per kilometer
c) Fixed costs are actually variable cost
With reference to (b) above explain whether you agree or disagree with the statement.
February 2006 and 50,000 kilometres in March 2006.
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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State the limitations of break – even analysis.
(Solved)
State the limitations of break – even analysis.
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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ABC limited manufactures and sells a single product branded “Zed”. The following data has been
extracted from the budgets and standard costs to product “Zed”.
(Solved)
ABC limited manufactures and sells a single product branded 'Zed'. The following data has been
extracted from the budgets and standard costs to product 'Zed'.
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Highlight six limitations of cost-volume-profit analysis.
(Solved)
Highlight six limitations of cost-volume-profit analysis.
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Describe the difference between the accountant's and the economist's model of cost-volume profit
analysis.
(Solved)
Describe the difference between the accountant's and the economist's model of cost-volume profit
analysis.
Date posted:
February 22, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Tec Ltd. manufactures a single product branded 'Zed' for sale on the local and international
market.
The cost structure per unit of product 'Zed' is as follows:
(Solved)
Tec Ltd. manufactures a single product branded 'Zed' for sale on the local and international
market.
The cost structure per unit of product "'zed' is as follows:
Additional information:
1. The current sales level for the company amounts to Sh. 800,000.
2. The fixed overheads per unit have been calculated based on the current sales level of 4,000
units.
Required:
i) Sales price per unit.
ii) Current profit or loss.
iii) Break even point in units and shillings.
iv) Suggest four measures that could be taken to improve the current profit position
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Sifa Ltd. manufactures and sells a single product. The following information regarding the
company for the year ended 31 October 2014 is provided:
(Solved)
Sifa Ltd. manufactures and sells a single product. The following information regarding the
company for the year ended 31 October 2014 is provided:
The following changes are expected to occur during the year ending 31 October 2015:
1. Variable selling and distribution expenses will reduce by 5% due to increased efficiency of the
sales staff.
2. Variable overheads will increase by 3%.
3. Labour cost will reduce by 4%.
4. Material cost will increase by 2% due to inflation.
5. Selling price will reduce by 3% in order to attract customers.
6. No stock is expected at the end of the period.
Required;-
i) Expected break even sales for the year ending 31 October 2015.
ii) Expected margin of safety in sales value for the year ending 31 October 2015.
iii) Expected sales value at which a profit of Sh.2, 250,000 will be realised.
iv) A summary of the operating statement to show net profit in (b) (iii) above.
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Jitegemee limited company uses a process costing system in its operation. In one of the production processes, two joint products A and B and a...
(Solved)
Jitegemee limited company uses a process costing system in its operation. In one of the
production processes, two joint products A and B and a by-product C are produced
The following additional information is provided:
1. Each processing run requires 12,500 kilograms of output.the costs incurred are as follow:-
2. It is expected that 20% of the input will be damaged in the production process. This is sold as
scrap at sh. 10 per kilogram. The damaged items are detected at the end of the production
process.
3. The output from the production process is as follows:-
4. Product A has to be processed further at a cost of sh. 100 per kilogram before sale
5. The joint costs are allocated to the products on the basis of net releasable value
Required:
i. Determine the total cost of the output from the production process
ii. Calculate the allocated joint costs for product A and product B
iii. Prepare a process account for the production process above
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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The following information is obtained in respect of process 2 of the month of September;
(Solved)
The following information is obtained in respect of process 2 of the month of September;
There was a normal loss in the process of 10% of production units' scrapped realized sh. 50 per unit,
use FIFO method
Required:
i. Statement of production
ii. Statement of cost and evaluation
iii. Process account
iv. Abnormal loss / gain account
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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a) Calculate the cost of completed units transferred to process 3
b) Calculate the value of closing WIP
c) Show (i) Process 2 account
(ii) Abnormal Gain account
(Solved)
Required:
a) Calculate the cost of completed units transferred to process 3
b) Calculate the value of closing WIP
c) Show (i) Process 2 account
(ii) Abnormal Gain account
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Kenya chemical industries limited, process a range of products including bleaching detergent which
passes three processes before completion and transferred to finished goods store. The following
information...
(Solved)
Kenya chemical industries limited, process a range of products including bleaching detergent which
passes three processes before completion and transferred to finished goods store. The following
information was extracted from the books of the company for the month of October.
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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The manufacturing process of ABC limited results in three products namely Exe, Wye and Zed
(Solved)
The manufacturing process of ABC limited results in three products namely Exe, Wye and Zed
Additional information;-
1. The final selling prices per litre of products Exe, Wye and Zed are shs.15, shs.18 and shs.4
respectively.
2. There are no further costs associated with by product Zed
3. Product Wye requires further processing at a cost of sh. 1.50 per litre
4. All the three products incur packaging costs of sh. 0.50 per litre before they are sold.
Required:
i) Calculate the number of equivalent units produced
ii) Calculate the costs of products Exe and Wye
iii) Apportion the common costs to joint products based on sales at the point of separation
iv) Prepare process II account for the month of January 2008
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Good Hope Pharmaceutical Company purchases raw material that is processed to yield three
chemicals namely;Zetamol,Paramol, and Bethamol.In January 2009,the company purchased 10,000
kilogrammes of the raw material...
(Solved)
Good Hope Pharmaceutical Company purchases raw material that is processed to yield three
chemicals namely;Zetamol,Paramol, and Bethamol.In January 2009,the company purchased 10,000
kilogrammes of the raw material nat a cost of sh.2,500,000 and incurred joint conversion costs of
sh.700,000.Sales and production information for the month of January wered as follows;
Zetamol and Paramol are sold to other pharmaceutical companies at the split off point. Bethamol can
be sold at the split off point or processed further and packaged for sale as an asthma medication.
Required
Allocate the joint costs to the three products using;
i) The physical units sold
ii) The sales value at split off method
iii) The net realizable value method
iv) Suppose that half the production of Paramol could be purified and mixed with all the
production of Zetamol to yield parazetamol.All further processing costs amount to
sh.350,000.The selling price for parazetamol is sh.1,120 per kilogramme.Advise the company
on whether to further process Zetamol into 2,000 kilogrammes of parazetamol.
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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ABC Company limited produces four products A, B, C and D
The following information is provided
1. The joint processing requires 10,000 kilograms of raw materials input,...
(Solved)
ABC Company limited produces four products A, B, C and D
The following information is provided
1. The joint processing requires 10,000 kilograms of raw materials input, costing sh. 6 million
2. Joint process labour and material costs are sh. 5,920,000
3. Normal loss is 20% of raw material input, with product A's output being 2000 kilogram mes,
product B's output being 2,500 kilogram mes, product C's output being 2,500 kilogram mes and
the balance being from product D. No abnormal loss was reported.
4. Product A enters into process 2 incurring a further cost of sh. 1,255,000 , product B enters
process 3 incurring a further cost of sh. 1,493,750 product C enters into process 4 incurring a
further cost of sh. 1,118,750. Product D does not require additional processing. There are no
further processing costs.
5. The company‟s policy is to apportion joint costs on the basis of output
6. The selling price of each unit of products A, B C and D is sh. 1,500, sh. 3,460, sh. 2760 and sh.
1,000 respectively.
7. The company is in the process of analyzing the performance of each product in order to make
better decisions.
Required:
a) i) Cost per unit of product A
ii) Profit and loss statement for each individual product and for the company in a columnar
format
b) The company's management intends to start using the net realizable value method to allocate
joint costs. Show how this method would affect the profitability of individual products and that
of the company in (a) (ii) above.
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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a) Explain why it is necessary to distinguish between direct labour and indirect labour, with
particular reference to the effect on gross profit and net profit.
b)...
(Solved)
a) Explain why it is necessary to distinguish between direct labor and indirect labor, with
particular reference to the effect on gross profit and net profit.
b) Unique Ltd. manufactures a single product. The product passes through three processes before
completion. In the month of January 2013, the following data was recorded in respect to process
Required:
i) Statement of equivalent production.
ii) Statement of costs.
iii) Process 2 account
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
.
Answers (1)
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Nald Ltd. manufactures a chemical product and uses process costing to account for its work in
progress. During the month of October 2013, 5,000 units...
(Solved)
Nald Ltd. manufactures a chemical product and uses process costing to account for its work in
progress. During the month of October 2013, 5,000 units were introduced to process 1 and the
following costs were incurred:
Additional information:
1. The normal loss in process 1 was estimated at 10%.
2. The scrapped normal loss units were sold at Sh.4 per unit.
3. Inspection is usually done at the end of the process; therefore any units scrapped would have
passed through the entire process.
Required
i) Statement of equivalent production
ii) Statement of cost
iii) Statement of evaluation of finished goods
iv) Process 1 account
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
.
Answers (1)
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Explain the meaning of the following terms in regard to the cost and financial accounting
systems:
i) Integrated cost accounts
ii) Interlocking cost accounts
iii) Cost ledger control account
iv)...
(Solved)
Explain the meaning of the following terms in regard to the cost and financial accounting
systems:
i) Integrated cost accounts
ii) Interlocking cost accounts
iii) Cost ledger control account
iv) Cost ledger contra account
Date posted:
February 21, 2019
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Answers (1)
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More Ltd. is a medium size manufacturing company and it maintains separate cost and financialaccounting books. The financial accountant provided the following statement for the...
(Solved)
More Ltd. is a medium size manufacturing company and it maintains separate cost and financial
accounting books. The financial accountant provided the following statement for the year ended 31
March 2004.
Required:
Prepare a profit reconciliation statement for the year ended 31 March 2004.
Date posted:
February 19, 2019
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Answers (1)
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Tengeneza Ltd makes three main products using broadly the same production methods and
equipment for each. A conventional product costing system is used at present, although...
(Solved)
Tengeneza Ltd makes three main products using broadly the same production methods and
equipment for each. A conventional product costing system is used at present, although an
Activity Based Costing (ABC) system is being considered.
Date posted:
February 15, 2019
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Answers (1)