a). CONTINGENCY THEORY:
It argues that appropriate management action depends on the situation prevailing at the time. There
are no ready made universal answers to management , rather, the decision that a manager will make,
will depend on contingent factors. They are; i).environment,
ii).technology
iii).size of the organization
iv)strategy of the organization and
v).culture of the firm
b). SYSTEMS THEORY:
It looks at organizations as systems consisting of subsystems in form of data, materials and manpower. It processes the input through production and preparation processes and then provides output in form of information, services and finished goods.
The system has the following principles:
i).Synergy it is where combined effort of the subsystem yields greater benefits than when each
subsystem operates individual.
ii).Equal finality- it is where the same goals can be achieved using very many ways or methods.
iii).Entropy- it explains what happens to an organization that adopts a close system approach. It
will finally fail and die.
c). MANAGEMENT EXCELLENCE:
It notes that successful managers are characterized by the following attributes;
i). Buyers for action- managers stay visible in all areas through informal communication and
Management by Working Action.
ii).Staying close to the customers- should have obsession for customers' satisfaction.
iii).Autonomy and entrepreneurship risk is encouraged.
Hildah Wafula answered the question on February 28, 2019 at 07:47