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1. Human demographic change – people inhabiting remote areas and getting exposed to new environmental source of infectious agents.
2. Changing human behaviour
Sexual and drug use behavioral patterns of outdoor recreation
3. International travel and commerce (migration, relocation of food products and animals – transport infectious agents across the globe
4. Evolution of pathogens infectious agents they infect new hosts, produce toxins or adapt by responding to changes in the host immunity e.g. HIV, influenza
5. Development of drug resistance by infectious agents e.g. multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis methicillin resistant staphyloccocus aureus and vancomycion resistant enterococci (MRSA & VRE)
6. Resistance of the vectors that transmit infectious agents to pesticides
7. Immunosuppressant of persons due to medical treatment or new disease
8. Inadequacy of surveillance system for infectious disease including laboratory support to detect new or emerging disease problems at early stage
9. Inadequacy of public infrastructure and vaccination programs
10. Virulence enhancing mechanisms of pathogens e.g. mobile genetic elements, plasmids, bacteriophages transposons
11. Illiteracy – limits knowledge and implementation of prevention strategies.
12. Unsustainable urbanization
Causes breakdown of sanitary and other public health measures in overcrowded cities e.g. slums
13. Global warming – climate change cause changes in geographical distribution of infectious agents and vectors.
Kavungya answered the question on March 13, 2019 at 06:40
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