1. Educational/academic
In education guidance plays the role of helping the individual in planning suitable programs and making progress. It involves helping students to develop;
-Good study habits and note taking skills.
-Habits that lead to adequate preparation so as to develop confidence to sit for examinations
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-Skills to deal with crisis situations
-Improved concentration in order to uplift grades.
-Skills in subject choice
-Examination taking skills.
-Methods of developing realistic goals based on values, ability and interests
-Guidance also plays a preventive, remedial and developmental roles.
2. Vocational/career guidance
This is the process of helping individuals to choose an occupation or profession, prepare to enter into it and progress in it. It involves the following;
-Informing students of the jobs available.
-The duties to be performed.
-Working hours and conditions.
-Qualifications and requirements for entry.
-Number of applicants taken
-Preparation for entry
-Barrier to gender.
Students can be exposed to information through the following channels;
-Reading from library sources
-Guests from various career fields can be invited to give speeches about their work.
-Students can be taken for tours in various firms where they see the different people at work.
-Students can be shown films or videotapes that show people in different professional fields at work for example, a surgeon at work, an electronic engineer or a pilot at work.
-Students are assisted to make choices of an occupation by taking relevant courses. They are also trained how to write application letters as well as how to perform on interviews. Students are also informed of the changes taking place in the occupational outlets for example a decade ago students went into accounting fields; today they are going into information technology and so on.
3. A vocational /leisure
This involves helping students with information about;
- What to do during out of class sessions, weekends and holidays
- Selection of hobbies, co-curricular activities e.g. games, athletics, cultural and work experiences.
The key issue here is that students need to be helped to make the time out of class a time to develop certain interests. This time is very valuable and should not be wasted. During this time activities should be arranged to promote interpersonal behaviour and widen personal outlook. These activities lead to reduced anxiety, doubt, confusion and hopelessness.
4. Social
This refers to guidance on social behavior and relationships. Sometimes students have problems relating with peers and as a result they do not win peer acceptance. These students need training in social skills so that they learn how to make and keep friends. They should be trained how to communicate their needs, feelings and aspirations as well as how to be sensitive to the needs and feelings of other people. This will make them better functioning and more adaptive in social environments.
5. Moral
Moral guidance aims at helping students to practice morality. It helps students to be able to distinguish right from wrong and to make the right moral decisions. Moral guidance will train students the benefits of being truthful so that they avoid telling lies. It will also keep them from anti social behavior so that they observe the set rules and regulations; learn to respect authority as well as conforming to societal norms governing moral behavior.
6. Health
Health guidance should help the students to acquire healthy habits in the following areas.
- Good feeding habits. Each student should know the benefits of a balanced diet. Students should avoid harmful eating habits for example over-reliance on junk foods, anorexic and bulimic habits, drugs and risk taking sexual behaviour.
- Exercise and rest, which help to improve the individual’s physique and body strength. They should learn that if they are lazy, they develop flabby weak muscles and weak, bones. If they do not take time to rest the body becomes exhausted and will be prone to infections due to lowered immunity. Also, a person who has not rested becomes irritable, prone to anger, frustrated and experiences other negative emotions.
- Proper hygiene and sanitation
This trains the student the benefit of bathing, washing clothes and using the toilets as well as keeping them clean. These habits promote personal and environmental cleanliness, which favors healthy adjustment at home as well as the school.
- Avoiding risk-taking behavior. These are behaviors like precocious sexuality, which could have many dire consequences for example, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, pregnancies, cervical cancer and sterility as well as untimely deaths.
7. Personal guidance
In personal guidance, the individual is helped to deal with adjustment problems from various sources, for example family, change of school, learning problems, boy/girl relationships, decision making, problem solving and goal setting.
Personal counseling helps the individual to deal with anxieties and stresses, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency and suicidal tendencies.
8. Marital guidance
In marital guidance the person is helped to make the right choice of partners, how to live with a spouse and how to make decisions in marriage.
9. Finances
In finances guidance, the person is trained how to manage his money, how to look for scholarships and bursaries in order to ease the burden of financing education
marto answered the question on March 19, 2019 at 11:50