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Read the passage below and then answer the questions that follow

      

In the eighteenth century, the field of science was virtually closed to women. In France, the countess wrote a highly regarded book about Newtonian physics, but its very excellence spoke against her. The manuscript was so good that it was widely assumed that it had been written by the countess's tutor rather than by the countess herself. Sadly enough, the tutor Samuel Konig, did nothing to discourage the rumours about the books7 authorship. Instead, he took full credit for the countess's efforts. In England, the leading nation in science, the situation was worse. Women were strictly prohibited from admission to scientific societies. Indeed the English denied women access to all forms of scientific study.
Italy, however, was something of an exception to the general European rule, and a number of provincial scientific societies did admit women. It is perhaps not surprising, then, that the one woman who crashed the barriers erected against her gender was an Italian, Laura Bassi (1711 -1778). Bassi actually became a respected scientific figure at a time when women were generally thought to be too intellectually limited for the rigors of scientific study. By all accounts, she thoroughly disproved the sexist notion that women and the sciences were opposed to one another.
Bassi was one of the lucky women of her era. Her father was an enlightened lawyer in Bologna, Italy, who believed that women should be educated. Thus, young Laura was schooled by the family physician, Gaetano Tacconi. By the age of twenty she was familiar with scientific concepts of the times, particularly Newtonian physics. Because her father encouraged her to display her erudition at social gatherings, Bassi's reputation as a learned woman grew. Tested by a group of professors and scholars anxious to prove that a woman could not possibly be so clever, Bassi astonished the sceptics with her intelligence, learning, and eloquence. Local scholars were so impressed that in 1731 they invited her to join the Bologna Institute of Sciences and to study for a degree at the University of Bologna. On May 12, 1732, Bassi became only the second woman ever to gain an academic degree. A few months later, she became the world's first female professor
But despite her breakthrough, those in charge of the University of Bologna had very rigid ideas about what Bassi could or could not do as a professor. For example, she had no say over her schedule. To the University's leaders, she was an intriguing oddity. They might trot her out for display to curious visiting scholars, but they would not let her lecture on a regular basis. Nor, for that matter, could she pursue her own studies or research. Still, Bassi was not an easy woman to control, and to a degree, she managed to go her own way.
In 1 749, to escape university restrictions, Bassi began offering private lessons in experimental physics. She also began championing Newtonian physics at a time when it was relatively unknown in Italy, and she promoted Newton's findings about gravity even in the face of widespread intellectual resistance. In addition, Bassi corresponded with the leading physicists of the day Thus, she kept her country abreast of new scientific theories.
In 1 776, when Bassi was sixty five, the university acknowledged her contributions to scientific thought by bestowing upon her an unheard of honour of a woman: She was appointed chair of experimental physics, and her husband, the father of her eight children, was appointed her assistant.
Contrary to expectation, Bassi's achievement did not pave the way for other women. This is because many of her male colleagues had been disturbed by her extraordinary progress and were reluctant to let any other female follow her footsteps. After Bassi's death in 1778, it took more than a century, and the arrival of Marie Curie, for another woman to find herself at home in the male-dominated world of science.
Adapted from Reading for Results by Laraine Fleming (2008) New York Houghton Mifflin

(a) Why was it widely assumed that the countess's tutor had written the book on Newtonian physics? (2 marks)

(b) In what way was France better than England in the treatment of women interested in the sciences? (3 marks)

(c) Rewrite the following sentence using the word "surprisingly".
(1 mark)

It's perhaps not surprising, then that the one woman who crashed the barriers erected against her gender was an Italian, Laura Bassi.

(d) According to the passage, what was a professor expected to do?
(3 marks)

(e) For what selfish purpose did the University of Bologna use Bassi?
(2 marks)

(f) What evidence is given to show that Bassi was difficult to control?
(3 marks)

(g) Why do you think the author mentions the fact that Bassi had eight children? (3 marks)

(h) Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the passage.
(3 marks)

Erudition .............................................

To a degree.........................................

Find herself at home…………………

  

Answers


Martin
1. a) This book was too good to be attributed to a female author/the field of
science was Virtually closed to women/this was because the book was very good, it couldn’t have been written by a woman. (2mks)

b) In France, women were at least allowed to venture into the field of science but were denied space to excel. In England, however, they were totally prohibited from all scientific pursuits. (if only one part of the answer comes out, give 1 mark)

c) Perhaps, not surprisingly, the one woman who crashed the barriers erected Against her gender was an Italian, Laura Bassi. /perhaps not surprisingly,

The barriers erected against her gender were an Italian, Laura Bassi. / Not surprisingly perhaps, the one woman who crashed the barriers erected against her Gender was an Italian, Laura Bassi/Not surprisingly perhaps, the one woman who crashed the barriers erected against her gender was an Italian, Laura Bassi. (Comma missing, penalize ½ mark)

d) A professor was expected to lecture on regular basis (1mark ) pursue his or her Studies (1 mark) and conduct research. (1mark) and have a say over her schedule (1 marks) (any 3x1 mark = 3 marks)

e) They paraded her to visiting scholars like a prized commodity. /they wer using her to impress visiting scholars. (2 mks)

f)
- She began offering private lessons in experimental physics
- She began championing Newtonian physics at a time when it was relatively new in Italy
- She corresponded with the leading physicists of the time. Thus, she broke the restrictions placed upon her, /she promoted Newton’s findings about gravity even in the face of wide-spread resistance. (3mks)
g) It is to show that she led a normal life as expected of a woman by society. (1mk) but still to her credit, managed extraordinary accomplishments in the field of science. (2mks)
The big number of children demonstrates how extraordinary she was if she managed to bring up such a family (1mk) and still excel in scholarship beyond all expectations. (2mks)
N.B
The contrast must be brought out in each case
Award 1 mark if only one part comes out.
h) Erudite- Knowledge /expertise
To a degree- to some extent

Find herself at home- excel in something/develop expertise in an area/ be comfortable or at ease in discipline (3mks)

marto answered the question on April 2, 2019 at 07:31


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    You:…………………………………………………… (1 mk)

    Date posted: April 2, 2019.  Answers (1)

  • You are the chairperson of your school’s Wildlife Conservation Association (WICA). Your group has just come back from a visit to a national park in...(Solved)

    You are the chairperson of your school’s Wildlife Conservation Association (WICA). Your group has just come back from a visit to a national park in a neighboring country.

    Write a report to the patron of WICA about the trip. In your report indicate what you accomplished, the problems you experienced and what cautionary measures you would take during trips.

    Date posted: April 2, 2019.  Answers (1)

  • You are secretary of the drama club in your school. The chairperson has asked you send out a notice of the second meeting to plan...(Solved)

    You are secretary of the drama club in your school. The chairperson has asked you send out a notice of the second meeting to plan the staging of shake spear’s play, The Merchant of Venice. During the meeting, you will need to appoint the director of the play, set up a date for selecting the cast, discuss the budget for the play, and the dates of rehearsals and the final performance. (20 mks)

    a) Write the notice of this meeting which you would send to the members of the drama club.

    b) Write the agenda that you would attach to the notice.

    Date posted: April 2, 2019.  Answers (1)

  • You are waiting to join college after your KCSE examination. While reading a newspaper, you see an advertisement for a volunteer worker at a children’s...(Solved)

    You are waiting to join college after your KCSE examination. While reading a newspaper, you see an advertisement for a volunteer worker at a children’s home. Write a letter of inquiry to the manager. Express your interest and inquire if they will pay any allowances and whether they can provide accommodation. Remember to quote the reference number of the advertisement

    Date posted: April 2, 2019.  Answers (1)

  • Paraphrase the poem below. The way a crow Shook down on me The dust of snow From a hemlock tree. Has given my heart A change of mood And saved some part Of...(Solved)

    Paraphrase the poem below.
    The way a crow
    Shook down on me
    The dust of snow
    From a hemlock tree.

    Has given my heart
    A change of mood
    And saved some part
    Of a day I had ruled.


    Date posted: March 30, 2019.  Answers (1)