(a) Downward
Communication that flows from one level of a group organization to a lower level is a downward communication. This is typically what we think of when managers communicate with workers.
Its purpose is to assign goals, provide instructions, communicate policies and procedures, provide feedback, among others.
It does not have to be face to face or an oral communication.
(b) Upward
Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization.
It is used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress, and relay current problems.
Examples of upward communication are: performance reports prepared by lower management for review by middle and top management, suggestion boxes, employee attitude surveys, among others.
(c) Lateral
When communication takes place among members of the same work group, among members of work
Groups at the same level, among managers at the same level, or among any horizontally equivalent personnel.
Horizontal communications are often necessary to save time and facilitate coordination. In some cases,
These lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. Often, they are informally created to short-circuit the
Vertical hierarchy and expedite action.
They can create dysfunctional conflicts when the formal vertical channels are breached, when members go
above or around their superiors to get things done, or when bosses find out that actions have been taken or Decisions made without their knowledge.
maurice.mutuku answered the question on April 15, 2019 at 13:58
- What are the assumptions of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory?(Solved)
Highlight the assumptions of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is the importance of Motivation?(Solved)
Explain the importance of Motivation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the features of Motivation?(Solved)
Highlight the features of Motivation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the objectives of Industrial Relations?(Solved)
Highlight the objectives of Industrial Relations.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is Collective Bargaining?(Solved)
Define Collective Bargaining.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the external factors influencing Employee Compensation?(Solved)
Discuss the external factors influencing Employee Compensation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the internal factors influencing Employee Compensation?(Solved)
Discuss the internal factors influencing Employee Compensation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the Principles of Fringes Benefits?(Solved)
Explain the Principles of Fringe Benefits.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are Total rewards?(Solved)
Explain the meaning of Total rewards.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is Management By Objectives(MBO)?(Solved)
Define Management By Objectives(MBO).
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is the process of Performance Appraisal Process?(Solved)
Explain the process of Performance Appraisal Process.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is the use of Performance Appraisals?(Solved)
Highlight the use of Performance Appraisals.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the basics Considerations in Appraisal?(Solved)
Highlight the basics Considerations in Appraisal.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the problems of Orientation?(Solved)
Highlight the problems of Orientation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is the purpose of Orientation?(Solved)
Explain the purpose of Orientation.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What is the significance of placement?(Solved)
Explain the significance of placement.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the barriers to effective selection?(Solved)
Explain Barriers to effective selection.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the Selection Tests in Kenya?(Solved)
Highlight the Selection Tests in Kenya.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the types of Interviews?(Solved)
Discuss the types of Interviews.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)
- What are the external sources of Recruitment in Kenya?(Solved)
Discuss the external sources of Recruitment in Kenya.
Date posted: April 15, 2019. Answers (1)