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a. Skin vasoconstriction throughout the body. (This is caused by stimulation of posterior hypothalamic sympathetic centers).
b. Pilorection means hairs standing on end. A thick layer of air is trapped next to skin and this depresses heat transfer to the surroundings.
c. Increase in thermogenesis (heat production). Such activities like shivering, sympathetic excitation of heat production, and thyroxine secretion are promoted.
marto answered the question on April 16, 2019 at 07:13
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