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-Timelessness: The exact time when narrative took place is not mentioned.
It is indicated by the presence of opening and closing formula.
-Elements of fantasy: They have elements/ aspects of imagination; things beyond the experience of a normal human being; for instance animals or inanimate objects talking.
The presence of ogres.
-Moral lessons: Narratives have teachings (virtues/morals) drawn from them. They should be given positively. For instance, we should be honest.
-Direct Address/ direct speech: Speaker talks directly to another person, animal or inanimate object (apostrophe).
-Beginning/ opening formula:
-Long ago….
-Once upon a time….
-There lived….
-In older days….
Functions of opening formula:
• It announces the start of the narrative.
• It attracts the attention of the audience
• It identifies the narrator.
• It takes the audience to the world of fantasy.
-Closing/ ending formula:
-That is the end of my story.
-And that is my story.
-Thereafter and they lived happily.
-My story ends there.
Functions of closing formula:
• It announces the end of the narrative.
• It releases the audience from concentration.
• It paves way for the next narrative.
• It brings back the audience to the world of reality.
-Ideophones: Repetition of actual natural sounds in which the words are not found in the dictionary. For instance, krrrr…Ouch! Hahaha…, tap tap tap….
-Dialogue: Conversation between characters is evident in narratives.
This is to make it live, real and captivating.
-Personification: Human qualities/ attributes are given to animals or inanimate objects. For instance, stone talking or hare laughing.
-Repetition/ Refrain/ Chorus// Repetition of action: Aspects of repetition of words, phrases, clauses or sentences are evident in order to:
-Emphasize on certain point(s), concept(s), issue(s), topic(s) or idea(s).
-It also creates rhythm in the narrative.
-It gives mood to the narrative.
-Use of local/ ethnic words: Use of vernacular language i.e Wat, ‘Mikai, Misumba, chik, dak’ in order;
-Give the narrative a local flavour/ beauty.
-Provide setting; place where the story was set.
-Mimicry: Imitation of words or sounds of other characters.
-Use of proverbs: This is in order to precisely/ briefly capture the moral lesson of the narrative.
-Use of songs: This is in order to;
-Allows the audience to participate in singing.
-Creates rapport between the audience and the singer.
-Breaks the monotony of narration.
-It acts as a code/ system of communication between characters.
-It allows as a comic relief; makes audiences laugh hence relieving tension.
-Sets the mood of the narrative.
-Allows smooth transition between scenes.
-Lack geographical specificity: Narratives lack exact mention of particular places where the story is set. It just uses words such as:
• Far far away.
• In a distant place
marto answered the question on April 23, 2019 at 06:47
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