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a) Where a river flows along a fault or a section of soft rocks eroding the channel vertically through the soft rocks or fault.
b) By head ward erosion at a water fall when the river’s erosive activity is increased due to increased gradient causing the river to undercut at the base of the water fall, then the rock above the undercut base collapses causing the waterfall to shift upstream resulting in a gorge below the water fall.
c) Where a river flows across a plateau with alternating horizontal layers of hard and soft rocks eroding them resulting in a gorge with stepped sides called a canyon e.g. Grand canyon on R. Colorado in USA.
d) Due to river rejuvenation when the river’s erosive activity is renewed causing the river to vigorously erode deep into its channel.
e) Where a river maintains its course across land which is being uplifted gradually.
Kavungya answered the question on May 4, 2019 at 08:41
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