(i) Drugs.
(ii) Poor nutrition.
(iii) Birth defects/ neutral tube defects.
(iv) X-ray/ radiation.
(v) Age of the mother.
(vi) High blood pressure.
(vii) Blood poisoning/ toxemia.
(viii) Trauma during pregnancy/ accidents.
(ix) Unknown causes.
(x) Genetic/ hereditary causes/ chromosome abnormalities of genes such as phenylketonuria (PKU)
(xi) Prenatal illness/ congenital infections/ conditions/ maternal infection/ illness such as rubella/ German measles/ syphilis.
maurice.mutuku answered the question on August 26, 2017 at 13:48
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