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i. Ali took over the Caliphate when there was confusion as a result of the assassination of Caliph Uthman(r.a)
ii. There was general disunity among Muslims.
iii. There was dissatisfaction and grievances in the provinces as the people were against the governors and officials who had been appointed by Ali.
iv. The governor/ viceroy of Syria, Muawiyyah did not recognize / accept Ali as the Caliph of Islam. He began to secretly plot against Ali (r.a).
v. Muawiyyah also encourage civil disobedience against Ali and refused to obey/ honor the authority of Ali and refused to compromise.
vi. There was power struggle between the clans to Banu-Hashim and Banu-Umayyad.
vii. Ali could not take immediate steps to avenge the murderers of Uthman due to the prevailing disorder in the caliphate. This did not go well with those wanted immediate action against the assassins.
viii. Aisha (r.a) was instigated against Ali by Talhah and Zubayr who were refused the governorship of Kufah and Syria.
ix. The constant disputes and troubles resulted in the battle of Camel between Ali and group led by Aisha who had marched against Ali.
x. Muawiyyah also made efforts to replace Ali as Caliph/ overthrow Ali, and this resulted in the battle Siffin.
xi. The Kharijite movement emerged with the intention of removing Sayyidina Ali and Muawiyyah as alternative centers of power. The Kharijite broke away and rebelled against Ali (r.a) until he fought them at Nahrawain.
Kavungya answered the question on June 21, 2019 at 09:09
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