Discuss the types of Written Works and Symbols.

Text books
This is the most commonly used teaching and learning resource used in the schools. There are normally required and recommended textbooks for any discipline taught in schools. A good textbook should be one authored by a subject specialist, must assist the teacher in achieving the learning objectives in the classroom ,should be of technical quality with legible print ,be up to date ,well bound, should contain visual images such as good photography and pictures ,statistical data and graphs among other qualities. It is recommended that each student gets a text book or at least share a book amongst three students at most. This will enable the students to gainfully utilize the resource without inconvenience.

The Students Note Books
According to UNESCO (1965) source book, some teachers favour a single note book containing both class notes and exercises done by the student. This is important because the note book provides an orderly arrangement of class notes, fieldwork notes and maps as inserted in the appropriate parts of the topics or lessons covered. More importantly this is personal work that is in good order and readily available for revision. The teacher should assign students a lot of practical exercises such as map-making; drawing sketches and diagrams to enable students seek for more information as this will make their work more comprehensive in nature. In all aspects the notebook is very important to the student as it contains a lot of information from lectures personal studies and practical works.

Pictures
These are visual representatives or images painted, drawn or photographed or otherwise rendered on a fault surface (Ondigi 2002, UNESCO 1965).When effectively utilized in class during the teaching and learning, pictures provide an important link between outdoor and indoor study, if carefully selected and according to the theme of imagination or thinking within the discipline. Since pictures help students to create mental pictures they are able to recall information very vividly and accurately. Therefore pictures can help students to correct any false images they might have formed through mishearing or misunderstanding of the verbal descriptions in class.

Pictures in teaching of a subject form the most integral part of the lesson, as materials for the study can be used for illustrations on items which are unfamiliar to students about which they need to know and they present valuable supplement to verbal description of the geographical features.

Photographs
A photograph is usually an image especially a negative print recorded by a camera and produced on a photosensitive surface. Like pictures, they are used for teaching various information especially in photographic work. These photographs help students to interpret information correctly and vividly. Photographs assist students in creating a mental picture of what they are seeing and learning. A good photograph must interest and attract the learner, must be clear of any distortion, should show a variety of details and stimulate in the student to know more. The photographs should somehow appeal to the emotions of the learner, his interest to know more and appreciation of the knowledge gained. Photographs form an important learning resource.

The Graphics
According to wittich and schuller (1962:110), graphics are instructional resources that summaries significant information and ideas through some combination of drawings, words, symbols and pictures. Graphics are among the most useful and powerful aids that a teacher can use in the classroom for teaching because they are easy to use, easily made, portable and can be used in all subject areas, and in different levels of age groups in a classroom setting.

Diagrams
Diagrams are representations on papers that include drawings and sketches. In essence, a diagram is a drawing illustrating the main features of an object, process or a given area. These are widely used by teachers and students in the teaching and learning of geography as in other disciplines taught in schools. Most printed materials have diagrams showing processes such as withering, erosion, mining, physical processes of landforms such as commonly referred to are important in creating a mental picture in the students' mind.

Graphs
Graphs are visual representatives of numerical data are usually idea for presenting information quickly and effectively. A graph further reveals important relationships in data use such as trends and variations as commonly used in the study of climate, mining agricultural and forestry production, population census among others. There are several types of graphs including line and bar graphs, circle or pie chart and pictorial graphs

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marto answered the question on October 3, 2019 at 08:15