(a) Adaptations of the air ways (trachea and bronchi)
- The walls of the trachea and bronchi are lined by rings of cartilage; which prevent them from collapsing and keep them open for air passage;
- The inner passage of air ways is lined with mucous membrane; which contain ciliated cells; whose movements to and from the pharynx cause a sweeping action that collects mucus containing dust towards the pharynx hence preventing their entry into the air ways;
- The mucous membrane contains mucus secreting cells; which produce mucus that trap dust and pathogenic particles which would find their ways into the air ways;
- The mucous membrane has a rich supply of blood; which helps to keep the incoming air warm and moist for easy diffusion into the lungs;
- The epiglottis and other structures on top of the trachea prevent food, drinks and other soil particles from gong into the trachea during swallowing;
Adaptations of the lungs
- It has numerous alveoli; that provide a large surface area for efficient gaseous exchange;
- Epithelial lining between alveoli wall and the blood capillaries is thin; to provide a shorter diffusion distance for easy gaseous exchange;
- The lung is spongy and has numerous air sacs; that accommodate large volume of gases (oxygen);
- It is highly supplied with blood capillaries that transports oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide to and from the body tissues respectfully;
- Its epithelial lining is covered by a thin layer of moisture; to dissolve oxygen for easy diffusion into the blood stream;
- The lung is connected to tree – like system of tubes (the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles); that supply oxygen and removes carbon (IV) oxide from the lung;
The whole lung is covered with the pleural membrane which is gas-tight thus changes in pressure within the lungs can occur without external interference.
marto answered the question on October 4, 2019 at 10:59
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