- Rivalry over/the control of the Indian Ocean trade.
- Portuguese wars of conquest weakened and destroyed many.
- Establishment of Portuguese rule at coast disrupted Indian Ocean trade. Portuguese also diverted
trade to Portugal denying them revenue.
- Invasion of the coast by the Zimba that caused undespread destruction.
- Inadequate water/rainfall led to decline of states like Gedi.
- Conflicts between Arabs and Portuguese affected economic activities.
- African middlemen diverted goods to Northern routes by passing.
- Internal rivalry.
gideon1 answered the question on September 28, 2017 at 14:58
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