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Discuss the biology of aggression

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i. Brain pathways
Many researchers focus on the brain to explain aggression. Numerous circuits within both neocortical and sub cortical structures play a central role in controlling aggressive behavior, depending on the species, and the exact role of pathways may vary depending on the type of trigger or intention.
ii. The hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray in the midbrain are critical areas in control of aggression. They control expression of both behavioral and autonomic components of aggression. Their interactions with serotonin and vasopressin help determine aggression levels. They directly connect with both the brainstem nuclei controlling these functions, and with structures such as the amygdala and frontal cortex.
iii. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine have a big role in aggression. A deficit in serotonin has been theorized to have a primary role in causing impulsivity and aggression. Nevertheless, low levels of serotonin transmission may explain a vulnerability to impulsiveness and potential aggression. It affects dopamine systems which are generally associated with attention and motivation toward rewards, and operate at various levels and norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, may influence aggression responses both directly and indirectly through the hormonal system, the sympathetic nervous system or the central nervous system.
iv. The hormonal neuropeptide, vasopressin and oxytocin play a key role in complex social behaviors such as regulating attachment, social recognition, and aggression. Vasopressin has been implicated in male-typical social behaviors which includes aggression. Oxytocin may have a particular role in regulating female bonds with offspring and mates, including the use of protective aggression. Initial studies in humans suggest some similar effects. Testosterone hormone has as well been associated to aggression. High levels of aggression are associated with higher levels of aggression.

Titany answered the question on December 7, 2021 at 09:15

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