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- Dawanox Ltd, an unlevered firm, generates average earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) of Sh. 20 million per annum.the market value of the company as...(Solved)
Dawanox Ltd, an unlevered firm, generates average earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) of Sh. 20 million per annum.the market value of the company as at 31 October 2007, the company’s financial year-end, was Sh.120 million.
Required:
(i) The company’s cost of equity and weight average cost of capital(WACC) as at 31 October 2007
(ii) The company’s optimal level of debt finance using the Modigliani and Miller (MM) with-tax model (excluding financial distress costs)
(iii) The company’s optimal level of debt finance using the MM with-tax model incorporating financial distress costs.
Date posted: April 14, 2022. Answers (1)
- The following information relates to two firms; Bora Ltd and Beta Ltd:
Required:
i) Degree of operating leverage for each firm.
ii) Comment on how the operating leverage...(Solved)
The following information relates to two firms; Bora Ltd and Beta Ltd:
Required:
i) Degree of operating leverage for each firm.
ii) Comment on how the operating leverage has impacted on the earnings available to
shareholders of each firm
Date posted: April 14, 2022. Answers (1)
- The following information relates to Abacus Ltd, an all equity financed company
1 The market value of a company (determine using the net income approach)...(Solved)
The following information relates to Abacus Ltd, an all equity financed company
1 The market value of a company (determine using the net income approach) is sh. 130 million
2 The cost of equity is 16 per cent
3 The management of the company intends to replace sh. 8 million worth of equity with debenture of similar value (assume all legal requirement will be fulfilled).The cost of the debenture would be 12 per cent(before tax)
4 The company’s earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) are expected to remain constant in the foreseeable future
5 All earnings after tax are paid out as dividends
6 The corporate rate of tax is 30 per cent
Required:
(i) Using the Modigliani and Miller (MM) approach, assess the effects of the change in capital
structure on the market value of the company, cost of equity and weight average cost of capital.
(ii) Advise the management of the company on whether to change the capital structure
Date posted: April 14, 2022. Answers (1)
- The following extract of the balance sheet of Mapato Ltd, shows the capital structure of the company as at 31 December 2007
The management of the...(Solved)
The following extract of the balance sheet of Mapato Ltd, shows the capital structure of the company as at 31 December 2007
The management of the company considers the above capital structure to be optimal
Additional information:
1. The company’s earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) average sh 75 million per annum.
These are expected to be maintained in the foreseeable future
2. the ordinary shares are currently trading at Sh 4oo per share
3. the market price of the debentures is sh525 per debenture
4. The corporate rate of tax is 30 per cent
Required:
Using the net income approach (incorporate taxes), calculate the company’s
(i) Cost of Equity
(ii) After tax cost of debt(Market value weighted)
(iii) Market-weighted average cost of capital
Date posted: April 14, 2022. Answers (1)
- Hisa Ltd. has the following capital structure, which it considers optimal.
Additional information:
1. Hisa Ltd.'s expected profit after tax for the year ending 31 December 2008...(Solved)
Hisa Ltd. has the following capital structure, which it considers optimal.
Additional information:
1. Hisa Ltd.'s expected profit after tax for the year ending 31 December 2008 is Sh. 34,285,714.
Hisa Ltd. has an established dividend pay-out ratio of 30%. The tax rate for the company is 30%, and investors expect earnings and dividends to grow at a constant rate of 9% per annum in the future.
2. The company paid a dividend of Sh. 3.60 per share in the year ended 31 December 2007. The
company's shares currently sell at Sh. 60 per share.
3. The company can obtain new capital as follows:
Ordinary shares: New ordinary share capital can be issued at a floatation cost of 10%
Preference share capital: New preference share capital with a dividend of Sh. 11 per share can be
issued the public at Sh. 100 per share. The floatation cost is Sh. 5 per share.
Debentures: Debentures can be issued at an interest rate of 12% per annum.
4. Assume that the cost of capital is constant beyond the retained earnings break point.
Required:
i) Calculate the break point in the marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule.
ii) Determine the cost of each capital structure component.
iii) Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in the intervals between the break point in
the marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule.
iv) Hisa Ltd. has the following investment opportunities:
Which of these projects should the company accept and why?
Date posted: April 14, 2022. Answers (1)
- Mapema Ltd has the following capital structure which it considers optimal:
Mapema Ltd expects an after tax income of sh.5143000 in the next financial year. The...(Solved)
Mapema Ltd has the following capital structure which it considers optimal:
Mapema Ltd expects an after tax income of sh.5143000 in the next financial year. The company has a policy of paying out 30% of its earnings as dividends. Investors expect dividends to grow at an annual rate of 9% indefinitely. The dividend last paid by the company was sh.5.40 per share. The company’s ordinary shares currently sell on the stock market at sh.90 per share .The Company can obtain additional financing in the financial markets as follows:
Long-term debt
Up to sh.7.5 million of long-term debt can be obtained at an interest rate of 12%: long-term debt in the
range of sh. 7.5 million to sh. 15 million must carry an interest rate of 14% and all long-term debt
over sh.15 million will have an interest rate of 16%. The corporate tax rate is 30% and interest on
long-term debt is tax allowable.
Ordinary shares
New ordinary shares of up to sh.18 million can be raised at sh.81 per share. To issue additional shares
above sh. 18 million floatation cost of sh. 18 per share must be incurred.
Preference shares
New preference shares with a par value of sh. 100 can be issued and the dividend rate is 11%.
However, a floatation cost of 5% of the par value per share must be incurred for all preference shares
up to sh.11.25 million. Additional preference shares (above sh.11.25 million) can be raised at a
floatation cost of shs.10 per share.
The investment opportunities available to the company are as shown below:
Required:
a) Determine the break points in the marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule.
b) Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in the intervals between the break points in the MCC schedule.
c) Calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for project V.
d) Construct an investment opportunity curve (IOC)/ marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule and indicate which project(s) should be accepted or rejected.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- The management of Shujaa Ltd is excited that the government has reduced the corporate tax rate from 33% to 30%. This tax cut is expected...(Solved)
The management of Shujaa Ltd is excited that the government has reduced the corporate tax rate from 33% to 30%. This tax cut is expected to increase the net present value of operating cash flows of the company by sh.15 million.
The current capital structure of the company is as follows:
The company’s shares are currently selling at sh.32.00 ex-div and the debentures are selling at sh. 135 cum-interest.
The equity beta is 1.2. The market return is 13%. Debt capital is risk free.
Assume that the cost of debt and the market price of the debentures will not change as a result of tax cut.
Required:
i) Determine Shujaa Ltd’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) before the tax cut.
ii) Determine the expected market price per share of Shujaa Ltd after the tax reduction.
(In answering part (ii) above, use the Modigliani and Miller’s (MM) hypothesis under corporate taxes)
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Pentel Ltd, a computer assembly company, intends to expand its operations. This will require an expansion of its assets by 50%. The annual incremental sales...(Solved)
Pentel Ltd, a computer assembly company, intends to expand its operations. This will require an expansion of its assets by 50%. The annual incremental sales to be generated by this expansion are estimated to be sh. 18 million with annual incremental earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of 25% on incremental sales. All the financing for this expansion will come from external sources as profit retentions are already committed elsewhere.
A financial analyst hired by the company has submitted the following proposals of financing the expansion for consideration:
The tax rate is expected to remain constant at 30%.
Required:
a) The number of additional ordinary shares to be issued under financial plans B and C.
b) The earnings per share (EPS) indifference points between:
i) Plan A and plan B
ii) Plan A and plan C
iii) Plan B and plan C
c) Assume that the price/earnings (P/E) ratio will be 8 if plan C is adopted but will drop to 6 if either plan A or plan B is used to finance the expansion.
Determine the market price per share under each financing plan and advise Pentel Ltd, on the best means of financing the expansion.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- The finance manager of STN Ltd is planning new year’s capital budget. STN ltd expects its net income to be Sh 2,700,000 next year and...(Solved)
The finance manager of STN Ltd is planning new year’s capital budget. STN ltd expects its net income to be Sh 2,700,000 next year and its current dividend payout ratio is 30%. The company’s earnings and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 8% per annum.
The last divided paid by the company was Sh 1.00 per share and the current equilibrium share price is Sh 16 STN Ltd can raise up to Sh 1,800,000 of debt at 11% before tax cost, the next Sh 1,800,000 will cost 12% and all debt above Sh 3,600,000 will cost13%. If STN Ltd issues new ordinary shares, a 12% underwriting cost will be incurred. STN Ltd can sell the first Sh 200,000 of new ordinary shares at the current market price, but to sell any additional new shares, STN Ltd must lower the price to Sh 14. STN Ltd is at its optimal capital structure, which is 60% debt and 40% equity and the firm’s corporation tax rate is 40%. STN Ltd has the following independent, indivisible and equally risky investment opportunities.
Required
a) The break points in the marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule.
b) The cost of each component of the capital structure.
c) The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in the interval between each break in the MCC schedule.
d) The MCC/IOS graph clearly indicating the projects to be undertaken.
e) STN Ltd’s optimum capital budget.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Baba Ltd and Toto Ltd are firms operating in the same industry and are considered to be in the same risk class. Each firm has...(Solved)
Baba Ltd and Toto Ltd are firms operating in the same industry and are considered to be in the same risk class. Each firm has an operating profit of sh. 250,000,000 per annum. The capital structures of the firms are as follows:
The two companies have a 100% dividend payout ratio.
Required:
i) The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of each of the two firms
ii) Comment of the equilibrium position of the equity shares, of the two firms.
iii) Advise Alusa, who holds 4% of Toto Ltd’s equity shares, on the arbitrage opportunities available to him (ignore taxation).
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Furnace Ltd wishes to evaluate two plans, leasing and borrowing to purchase an oven. The firm’s tax rate is 40%.
Lease option: The company can lease...(Solved)
Furnace Ltd wishes to evaluate two plans, leasing and borrowing to purchase an oven. The firm’s tax rate is 40%.
Lease option: The company can lease the oven under a 5 year lease requiring annual end-of year payments of Sh 5,000,000. All maintenance costs will be paid by the lease, while insurance and other costs will be borne by the lessee. The lessee will exercise its option to purchase the asset for Sh 4,000,000 at termination of the lease.
Purchase option: the oven costs Sh 20,000,000 and will have a five year useful life. Depreciation charges in the five years will be as follows: Year 1 Sh 4,000,000 Year 2 Sh 6,400,000, Year 3 Sh 3,800,000, Year 4 Sh 2,400,000 and Year 5 Sh 2,400,000. (The balance of value being the residual value).
The total purchase price will be financed by a 5 year, 15% loan requiring equal annual end of year payments of Sh 5,967,000. The firm will pay Sh 1 Million per year for a service contract that covers all maintenance costs. Insurance and other costs will be borne by the firm. The firm plans to keep the equipment and use it beyond its 5 year recovery period.
Required;
a) For the leasing option, calculate the following:
i) The after tax cash outflow each year.
ii) The present value of the cash flow, using a 9% discount rate.
b) In respect of the purchase options, calculate the following.
i) The annual interest expenses deductibles for tax purposes for each of the 5 years.
ii) The after-tax cash outflow resulting from the purchase for each of the 5 years
iii) The present value of the cash outflow, using a discount rate of 9%
c) Compare the present value of the cash outflow streams for the two plans and determine which
plan would be preferable.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Explain the meaning of the “pecking order theory”.(Solved)
Explain the meaning of the “pecking order theory”.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Kitunda Ltd. has estimated the cost of debt and equity for various financing gearing levels as follows:
Required:
(i) The optimal capital structure.
(ii) Kitunda Ltd. wishes to...(Solved)
Kitunda Ltd. has estimated the cost of debt and equity for various financing gearing levels as follows:
Required:
(i) The optimal capital structure.
(ii) Kitunda Ltd. wishes to transform from its optimal gearing level to all-equity financed firm.
Modigliani and Miller's model with no taxes to determine the equity cost of capital.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- The following information relates to Unified Holdings Ltd.'s capital structure, whose cost of debt varies according to its gearing level:
Additional information
1. Risk free rate is...(Solved)
The following information relates to Unified Holdings Ltd.'s capital structure, whose cost of debt varies according to its gearing level:
Additional information
1. Risk free rate is 8%.
2. Market return is 16%.
3. Corporate tax rate is 30%.
4. The company's ungeared beta (asset beta) is 0.95
Required;
Unified Holding Ltd’s optimal weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Describe the following methods of credit enhancement.
i) Excess spread.
ii) Overcollateralization.
iii) Surety bond.(Solved)
Describe the following methods of credit enhancement.
i) Excess spread.
ii) Overcollateralization.
iii) Surety bond.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Millennium Investments Ltd. wishes to raise funds amounting to Sh.10 million to finance a project in the following manner:
Sh.6 million from debt; and Sh.4 million...(Solved)
Millennium Investments Ltd. wishes to raise funds amounting to Sh.10 million to finance a project in the following manner:
Sh.6 million from debt; and Sh.4 million from floating new ordinary shares.
The present capital structure of the company is made up as follows:
1) 600,000 fully paid ordinary shares of Sh.10 each
2) Retained earnings of Sh.4 million
3) 200,000, 10% preference shares of Sh.20 each.
4) 40,000 6% long term debentures of Sh.150 each.
The current market value of the company’s ordinary shares is Sh.60 per share. The expected ordinary share dividends in a year’s time is Sh.2.40 per share. The average growth rate in both dividends and earnings has been 10% over the past ten years and this growth rate is expected to be maintained in the foreseeable future.
The company’s long term debentures currently change hands for Sh.100 each. The debentures will mature in 100 years. The preference shares were issued four years ago and still change hands at face value.
Required:
(i) Compute the component cost of:
Ordinary share capital;
- Debt capital
- Preference share capital
(ii) Compute the company’s current weighted average cost of capital.
(iii) Compute the company’s marginal cost of capital if it raised the additional Sh.10 million as envisaged. (Assume a tax rate of 30%).
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- On 1 November 2002, Malaba Limited was in the process of raising funds to undertake four investment projects. These projects required a total of Sh.20...(Solved)
On 1 November 2002, Malaba Limited was in the process of raising funds to undertake four investment projects. These projects required a total of Sh.20 million.
Given below are details in respect of the projects:
Required:
(i) The levels of total new financing at which breaks occur in the Weighted Marginal Cost of Capital (WMCC) curve.
(ii) The weighted marginal cost of capital for each of the 3 ranges of levels of total financing as determined in (i) above.
(iii) Advise Malaba Limited on the projects to undertake assuming that the projects are not divisible.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Explain the term “agency costs” and give any three types of such costs.(Solved)
Explain the term “agency costs” and give any three types of such costs.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Biashara Ltd, has the following capital structure
The finance manager of Biashara Ltd. has a proposal for a project requiring Sh.45 million. He has
proposed the following...(Solved)
Biashara Ltd, has the following capital structure
The finance manager of Biashara Ltd. has a proposal for a project requiring Sh.45 million. He has
proposed the following method of raising the funds.
• Utilise all the existing retained earning.
• Issue ordinary share at the current market price.
• Issue 100,000 10% preference shares at the current market price of Sh.100 per share which
is the same as par value.
• Issue 10% debentures at the current market price of Sh.1,000 per debenture
Additional Information:
1. Currently Biashara Ltd. Pays a dividend of Sh5 per share which is expected to grow at the rate of
6% due to increased returns from the intended project. Biashara Ltd.’s. price/earnings (P/E) ratio
and earnings per share (EPS) are Sh5 and Sh.8 respectively.
2. The ordinary share would be issued at a floatation cost of 10% based on the market price
3. The debenture par value is Sh.1,000 per debenture
4. The corporate tax rate is 30%
Required:
Biashara Ltd.’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)
- Zatex ltd, had the following capital structure as at 31 March 2005
Additional Information;-
1. The market price of each of ordinary share as at 31 March...(Solved)
Zatex ltd, had the following capital structure as at 31 March 2005
Additional Information;-
1. The market price of each of ordinary share as at 31 March 2005 was Sh.20
2. The company paid a dividend of Sh.2 for each ordinary share for the year ended 31 March 2005
3. The annual growth rate in dividends is 7%
4. The corporation tax rate is 30%
Required:
i) Compute the weighted average cost of capital of the company as at 31 March 2005.
ii) The company intends to issue a 15% Sh.2 million debenture during the year ending 31 March
2006. The existing debentures will not be affected by this issue. The dividend per share for the
year ending 31 March 2006 is expected to be Sh.3 While the average market price per share
over the same period is estimated to be Sh.15. The average annual growth rate in dividend is
expected to remain at 7%.
Compute the expected weighted average cost of capital as at 31 March 2006.
Date posted: April 13, 2022. Answers (1)