Some of the pathogenic bacteria in milk are;
I. Brucella spp.
Brucella species (spp.) are found in many animal species including cattle, sheep, and goats.They are destroyed by pasteurization. Brucella spp. cause illness with symptoms that are flu-like and include fever, sweats, headaches, back pain and physical weakness. In some cases long-lasting symptoms of fever, joint pain and fatigue may occur.
II. Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter jejuni is found in the intestinal tract, udder, and feces of cattle, in poultry and wild birds, and in contaminated water sources. Campylobacter jejuni is destroyed by pasteurization.
Campylobacter jejuni generally causes illness 2 to 5 days after exposure, and illness typically lasts 5 to 10 days.
Symptoms of campylobacteriosis include diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Patients with Campylobacteriosis usually recover without specific treatment other than fluid and electrolyte replacement.
III. Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii is found in many animals worldwide and is shed in the milk, urine and feces of cattle, goats, and sheep. Coxiella burnetii is considered to be the most heat resistant non-sporeforming pathogen commonly found in milk, and the established conditions for milk pasteurization are specifically designed to destroy this organism.
Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, an illness characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain, chills, sweats, sore throat, non-productive cough, and general malaise. Fever can last for 1 to 2 weeks. Most patients recover without any treatment, although Coxiella burnetii may result in death.
IV. Escherichia coli O157:H7
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one strain in a large family of bacteria. Strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are considered fecal coliforms. Most strains of Escherichia coli do not cause illness and live in the intestinal tracts of healthy humans and animals. E. coli O157:H7 is found in the intestinal tract and feces of cattle. E. coli O157:H7 is destroyed by pasteurization. E. coli O157:H7 produces toxins that cause illness in humans. Symptoms of illness include bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps. In some cases, particularly in young children, E. coli O157:H7 infection causes hemolytic uremic syndrome, which destroys red blood cells and causes kidney damage or failure, and in some cases death.
V. Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is found in soil and water and has been isolated from a large number of environmental sources. Listeria monocytogenes is destroyed by pasteurization, but if food products are contaminated after pasteurization, Listeria monocytogenes can grow at refrigerator temperatures.
Listeria monocytogenes typically causes illness in pregnant adults, newborns, the elderly, and patients with compromised immune systems, but healthy adults and children may also become infected. Symptoms of Listeriosis include flu-like symptoms, fever, muscle aches, stiff neck, headache, septicemia, meningitis, miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, abortion, or death.
VI. Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Both are found in infected cattle and are destroyed by pasteurization.
They cause tuberculosis, a lung disease.
VII. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in cattle. It has been suggested that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis may be associated with Crohn's disease, an intestinal disorder, in humans, but this has not been confirmed.
VIII. Salmonella spp.
Salmonella species (spp.) contain several strains that cause illness in humans, the most common are the serotypes Enteriditis and Typhimurium. Salmonella has been found in the intestinal tracts of all warm-blooded animals including humans. Salmonella is destroyed by pasteurization.
Salmonella spp. causes illness that can develop 12 to 72 hours after exposure, and can last 4 to 7 days. Symptoms of Salmonellosis include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Most people recover without treatment other than fluid and electrolyte replacement. Some cases may be severe and require hospitalization.
IX. Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia enterocolitica is found in the intestinal tract of farm animals, especially pigs, and in the environment. It is destroyed by pasteurization, but if food products are contaminated after pasteurization, Yersinia enterocolitica can grow at refrigerator temperature. Yersinia enterocolitica causes illness with symptoms of fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Titany answered the question on April 25, 2022 at 07:06