i. The option to vary output
If the condition turns favorable production can be expanded. Production can also be
contracted if condition turns unfavorable
ii. The option to abandon
If the project has abandonment value this effectively represents an option to the project own.
iii. The option to postpone. Also known as an investment timing options. For some projects ,
there is the option to wait thereby obtaining new
iv. Other options
Option to change production process or technology
v. Option to vary the mix of output in response to market demand
Kavungya answered the question on April 25, 2022 at 13:32
- High Tec Electronics Ltd is considering the acquisition a new machine to replace existing machine
currently being used in the production of product “Q”.
The existing machine...(Solved)
High Tec Electronics Ltd is considering the acquisition a new machine to replace existing machine
currently being used in the production of product “Q”.
The existing machine was acquired 5 years\ ago at a cost of Sh.40; 000,000.The machine was
originally estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a nil salvage value at the end of its useful
life. However, following a revaluation of the machine, it is now estimated that the machine can be
used for another 15 years with a salvage value of sh.5,000,000.The current disposal value of the
machine is sh.30,000,000.
The new machine is estimated to cost sh.100, 000,000.The Company will incur an installation cost of
sh.20, 000, 000.However, the machine will require an overhaul at the end of 10 years.
The overhaul will involve the acquisition of new parts and will cost sh.20; 000,000.The new machine
is expected to have a useful life of 15 years and a salvage value of sh.30, 000,000 at the end of its
useful life. Investing in the new machine will also require an additional investment in working capital
of sh.40, 000,000 at the end of 5 years. The investment in working capital will however be recovered
at the end of the machine’s useful life.
The following information relates to the new machine and the existing machine’s expected output of
product “Q” over the 15 years period.
Additional information
1. The unit selling price and unit variable cost of product “Q” are sh.25 and sh.15 respectively.
These are expected to remain constant over the 15 years period.
2. The annual fixed costs excluding depreciation associated with the new machine are expected to
increase by sh.100,000,000 over the 15 years period.
3. The company applies a policy of straight line depreciation for all its fixed assets.
4. The overhaul cost of the new machine will be amortized separately over the remaining useful
life of the machine on straight line basis.
5. The company’s cost of capital is 20%.
6. Corporation tax rate is 30%.
Assume all cash flows, unless otherwise stated occur the end of each year.
Required;
Using the net present value (NPV) technique, advice the company on whether it should replace the existing machine with the new machine.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Omega Manufacturers ltd is contemplating investing in a machine for its manufacturing processes.
The machine will be used to manufacture a product known as “omega”. The...(Solved)
Omega Manufacturers ltd is contemplating investing in a machine for its manufacturing processes.
The machine will be used to manufacture a product known as “omega”. The machine will cost sh.5
million and will incur installation costs amounting to sh.500,000.The machine is expected to have an
economic useful life of 5 years and a resale value of sh.1 million at the end of this period.
The acquisition of this machine is expected to cause changes in working capital at the beginning of
the expected life of the machine. Inventory balances are expected to increase by sh.2 million ,accounts
receivable will increase bysh.2.5,accounts payable will increase by sh.1.5,accrued expenses and
prepaid expenses are expected to decrease by sh.0.5 million and sh 0.4 million respectively. The net
change in working capital will be recovered at the end of the machine’s economic life.
The quantity of ‘omega” expected to be manufactured and sold in each year will be as follows:
Additional information
1. Each unit of omega is expected to be sold at sh.100 in year 1.However the price is expected to
increase by 10% annually thereafter.
2. The variable cost per unit for omega is estimated at Sh.20 in year 1.In subsequent years, this
cost will rise at the same rate as the increase in the selling price.
3. Fixed costs per annum excluding depreciation are estimated at sh.0.5 million.
4. The company applies the straight line method of depreciation for all its fixed assets.
5. The company’s cost of capital is 12%
6. Corporation tax rate is 30%.Corporation tax is paid one year in arrears.
Required;-
Using the net present value (NPV) technique, advise the company on whether the machine should be purchased.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Mavoko Ltd. manufactures a component known as “Fixit” which is used in the manufacture of locally assembled desktop computers. While the current production capacity is...(Solved)
Mavoko Ltd. manufactures a component known as “Fixit” which is used in the manufacture of locally assembled desktop computers. While the current production capacity is one million units of “Fixit”, demand for the component is expected to be as follows:
The company is planning to acquire an additional machine at a cost of sh. 8,000,000 which will have a
useful life of 4 years and a maximum output of 600,000 units. The scrap value of the machine after
four years will be sh. 300,000.
The current selling price of “Fixt” is sh. 80 per unit and the variable cost is sh. 50 per unit. Other
variable costs of production are sh. 19. Fixed costs of production associated with the new machine
would be sh. 2,400,000 in the first year of production increasing by sh. 200,000 per year in each
subsequent year of operation.
Mavoko Ltd. pays tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% and can claim capital allowance on
a 25% reducing balance basis. A balancing allowance is claimed in the final year of operation.
The cost of equity for mavoko Ltd. is 10% while it pays an interest of 8.6% on its debts. Its long term
fiancé is made up 80% equity and 20% debt.
Required:
i) Calculate the net present value (NPV) of buying the new machine.
ii) Calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) of the new machine.
iii) Advise the management of Mavoko Ltd. on whether to buy the new machine.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Pwani Dock Limited is considering reopening of one of its loading docks. New equipment will
cost sh. 50,000,000payable immediately. To operate the new dock will require...(Solved)
Pwani Dock Limited is considering reopening of one of its loading docks. New equipment will
cost sh. 50,000,000payable immediately. To operate the new dock will require additional
dockside employees costing sh. 16,000,000 per annum. There will also be need for additional
administrative staff and other overheads such as extra stationery, insurance and telephone costs
amounting to sh. 19,000,000 per annum. Electricity used on the dock is anticipated to cost sh.
10,000,000 per annum.
The head office will allocate sh. 10,000,000 of its (unchanged) costs to this project. Other docks
will experience in receipts of about sh.6, 000,000 due to some degree of cannibalization. Annual
fees expected from the new dock are sh. 60,000,000 per annum.
Additional information
1. All cash flows arise at the year-end except the initial equipment acquisition costs which
are incurred at the outset.
2. There are no taxes levied or inflation experienced.
3. There are no services provided on credit.
Required;
i) Show the net annual cash flow calculations and explain the reasons for the calculations.
ii) Assuming an infinite life for the project and a cost of capital of 17 per cent, calculate the
net present value (NPV) of the project.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Three options are available to the investment manager of Maendeleo Ltd. as follows:
- Project Weka may yield a return of Sh.20 million with a probability...(Solved)
Three options are available to the investment manager of Maendeleo Ltd. as follows:
− Project Weka may yield a return of Sh.20 million with a probability of 0.3, or a return of Sh.40 million with a probability of 0.7.
− Project Leta may earn a return of Sh.20 million with a probability of 0.3 or a return of Sh.55 million with a probability of 0.7
− Project Pato yields a return of Sh.30 million with a probability of 0.5 or Sh.40 million with a probability of 0.5
Required:
By applying the mean-variance rule, advise Maendeleo Ltd investment manager on the best investment option.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Briefly describe the mean-variance rule.(Solved)
Briefly describe the mean-variance rule.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Lang Ltd is interested in measuring its overall cost of capital and has gathered the following data for the year 2011:
Debt: The firm can raise...(Solved)
Lang Ltd is interested in measuring its overall cost of capital and has gathered the following data for the year 2011:
Debt: The firm can raise an unlimited amount of debt by selling Sh. 1,000 per value 8% coupon rate, 20 year bonds on which annual interest payments will be made. To sell the issue, an average discount of Sh. 30 per bond would be given
Preference stock: The firm can sell 8% preferred stock at its Sh. 95 share per value. The cost of issuing and selling the stock is expected to be Sh. 5 per share. An unlimited amount of preferred stock can be sold under these terms.
Debt: The firm can raise all unlimited amount of debt by selling Sh. 1,000 per value 8% coupon rate, 20 year bonds on which annual interest payments will be made. To sell the issue, an average discount of Sh. 30 per bond would be given
Equity: The firm expects to have Sh. 100,000 of retained earnings in the coming year 2012. New shares can be issued at Sh 62 each with a flotation cost of Sh 2 per share. The growth rate is expected to be 6%. Expected dividend in the coming
year is Sh. 6.
The company’s estimate optimal capital structure is given below.
The company tax is at 30%
Required
(i) Compute the specific cost of each source of financing
(ii) Determine the breakpoint and the weighted average marginal cost of capital below the
breakpoint.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Dzitsoni Ltd. is considering replacing a machine. The existing machine was bought 3 year ago at
a cost of Sh 50 million. The machine is expected...(Solved)
Dzitsoni Ltd. is considering replacing a machine. The existing machine was bought 3 year ago at
a cost of Sh 50 million. The machine is expected to have a useful life of 5 more years with no
scrap value at the end. The machine could be disposed of immediately at Sh.35 million. The new
machine will cost Sh. 80 Million with a useful life of 5 years and an expected terminal value of
Sh.5 million. With the introduction of the new machine sales are expected to increase by Sh.25
million per annum over the next five years.
The contribution margin is expected to be 40% and the corporate tax rate is 30%. The operation of
the new machine will also require an immediate investment of Sh.8 million in working capital.
Installation costs of the new machine will amount to Sh 6 million. Depreciation is to be provided
for on a straight line basis. The company's cost of capital is 12%. Capital gain taxes remain
suspended and not applicable.
Required;
(i) The initial investment for the replacement decision.
(ii) Advise the management of Dzitsoni Ltd. on whether to replace the machine.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Tezo Ltd. is in the process of modernizing its operations. The factory manager has proposed the
replacement of the milling machine with a new fully computerized...(Solved)
Tezo Ltd. is in the process of modernizing its operations. The factory manager has proposed the
replacement of the milling machine with a new fully computerized machine. The milling machine
was purchased two years ago at a cost of Sh.4 million. The economic life of the machine was five
years. However, a management review has established that the machine has a further useful life of
five years with a zero salvage value. The machine could be disposed of immediately at Sh. 1.6 million.
The new machine has a purchase price of Sh.8 million with an additional installation cost of Sh.
1.8 million and a salvage value of Sh.2 million. The new machine will lead to increased efficiency
and annual savings in costs of Sh.2.1 million. However, electricity costs will increase by Sh.200,
000 per annum. The operation of the new machine will also require an increase of Sh.810, 000
worth of raw materials. The company uses the straight line method of depreciation. The
company's cost of capital is 10% and the corporate tax rate is 30%.
Required:
Advise the management of Tezo Ltd. on whether to replace the machine.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- ABC Ltd. has the following proposed independent projects for the year ending 31 December 2012:
Required:
(i) Assuming that there is no capital rationing, indicate which projects...(Solved)
ABC Ltd. has the following proposed independent projects for the year ending 31 December 2012:
Required:
(i) Assuming that there is no capital rationing, indicate which projects should be selected.
(ii) Total net present value (NPV) of the selected projects.
(iii) Assuming a single period internal capital constraint of Sh. 1,700,000 is imposed, indicate which projects should be selected.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Bright Ltd. undertook project X with the following cash flow over its useful life of 3 years.
The cost of capital for the project is 10%....(Solved)
Bright Ltd. undertook project X with the following cash flow over its useful life of 3 years.
The cost of capital for the project is 10%. The abandonment values of the project have been given below:
Required
Advise the management of Bright Ltd. when to abandon project X.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Bram Ltd. has found out that, after two years of using a machine, a more advanced model has arrived in the market. The advanced model...(Solved)
Bram Ltd. has found out that, after two years of using a machine, a more advanced model has arrived in the market. The advanced model is expected to increase output. The existing machine had cost sh. 32,000 and was being depreciated using the straight – line method over ten years. The current market value of the existing machine is sh. 15,000.
Bram Ltd. is considering the acquisition of the advanced model which costs sh. 123,500 including installation costs and has a salvage value of sh. 20,500 at the end of 8 years of its useful life. The following data has been provided:
The required rate of return is 15%. Ignore taxation.
Required:
Compute the following in respect of the new machine:
i. Payback period.
ii. Net present Value (NPV).
iii. Internal rate of return (IRR).
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Kiwanda Ltd. is considering the launch of a new product "M" for which an investment of Sh.6
million in plant and machinery will be required. The...(Solved)
Kiwanda Ltd. is considering the launch of a new product "M" for which an investment of Sh.6
million in plant and machinery will be required. The production of "M" is expected to last for five
years after which the plant and machinery would be sold for Sh.1.5 million.
Additional information:
1. "M" would be sold at Sh.600 per unit with a variable cost of Sh.240 per unit.
2. Fixed production costs (excluding depreciation) would amount to Sh.600,000 per annum.
3. The company applies the straight line method of depreciation.
4. The cost of capital is 10% per annum.
5. The number of units of "M" expected to be produced and sold per annum for the next five
years is shown below:
6. The corporation tax rate is 30%.
Required:
Advise the management of Kiwanda Ltd. on the appropriate course of action using:
(i) The net present value (NPV) approach.
(ii) The internal rate of return (IRR) approach.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Explain four features of an ideal investment appraisal method.(Solved)
Explain four features of an ideal investment appraisal method.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Bidii Ltd. is considering investing in a plant which is expected to operate for the next four years after which it will have no salvage...(Solved)
Bidii Ltd. is considering investing in a plant which is expected to operate for the next four years after which it will have no salvage value. The plant will cost Sh.5 million. Annual tax depreciation of 25% will be allowed in respect of the expenditure.
Revenue from the plant will be Sh.7 million per annum for the first two years and Sh.5 million per annum thereafter. Incremental costs will be Sh.4 million throughout. Bidii Ltd. pays corporation tax at 30% and has a cost of capital of 10%. Assume that all cash flows occur at the end of the year to which they relate.
Required:
Advise Bidii Ltd. on whether to proceed with the investment.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Explain why capital budgeting decisions are important.(Solved)
Explain why capital budgeting decisions are important.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- The following information relates to the forecast returns of securities A and B and their probabilities during the financial year ending 30 June 2010.
Required;-
i) The...(Solved)
The following information relates to the forecast returns of securities A and B and their probabilities during the financial year ending 30 June 2010.
Required;-
i) The expected return and standard deviation
ii) Based on the relative risk, which security would you recommend
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Briefly explain the following:
(i) Financial risk
(ii) Asset risk(Solved)
Briefly explain the following:
(i) Financial risk
(ii) Asset risk
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- An investor has two securities, A and B. with the following return characteristics
Required
Assess the riskiness of securities A and B.(Solved)
An investor has two securities, A and B. with the following return characteristics
Required
Assess the riskiness of securities A and B.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)
- Differentiate between Business risk and financial risk as used in finance.(Solved)
Differentiate between Business risk and financial risk as used in finance.
Date posted: April 25, 2022. Answers (1)