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(a) Fallacy of Equivocation:
This fallacy arises from making a conclusion in an argument, which has an ambiguous word, or a word whose exact understanding is not clear.
E.g.
1. Men are the only rational creatures
2. No woman are men
3. Therefore, no women are rational.
(b) Fallacy of Amphiboly
This fallacy is committed when a reasoning is instance contains a statement that could be understood or integrated in more than one senses and a conclusion is drawn as if the statement or phrase had a definite understanding or meaning. The worlds contained in the statement or phrase may not be ambiguous, yet the whole sentence is because of its grammatical structure. A common source of confusion in ordinary English stems for example from the use of the word 'not'. A sentence that begins as 'All … are not …" may be understood to mean (I) none are or (ii) some are not; e.g. 'All politicians are not corrupt' may mean
1. No politician is corrupt or
2. Some politicians are not corrupt
francis1897 answered the question on October 4, 2022 at 11:20
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