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• Energy balance and its implications.
• Surface boundary layer: - Near the surface the effects of friction on the air flow pattern are marked. Adjacent to the surface is the laminar boundary layer, a layer where there is no turbulent mixing and all heat transfer is by conduction. Above this is the turbulent boundary layer; the air is mixed as a result of instability. The thickness of these layers depends on the nature of the underlying surface. This layer extends up to the point where the geostrophic approximations become valid.
• Wind profile in the boundary layer:- In order to consider further the fluxes in various atmospheric and surface conditions in more detail, it is necessary first to consider the variation of wind speed with height, the “wind profile”.
• Fluxes in the turbulent boundary layer:- The amount of turbulent mixing is largely controlled by the wind speed and its rate of change with height (wind profile).
• Importance of surface physics: - The flow of heat into the underlying medium is the final component of the energy balance. The contrast between land and water, which allows both conduction and convection, is well known.
francis1897 answered the question on October 5, 2022 at 11:12
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