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(i) The ultimate effect of competition is a decreased contribution to the next generation of the individuals involved compared to the absence of competition.
(ii) Growth rates, stored reservoirs of energy and matter are reduced while chances of predation are enhanced, especially due to movement (and exposure) in search of food and weaknesses due to reduced food resources.
(iii) Reduced survivorship and/or decrease in fecundity (offspring in the first stage of the life cycle); those most affected are weak individuals.
(iv) White in most cases (e.g. intra-specific) the individuals involved are of the same, species and therefore with similar advantages, sometimes competition is one-sided reciprocity; thus, it favors the most advantaged individuals. This is true of early seedling which is shade stunted compared to Late ones;
(v) In some cases, competition can increase fitness. This is true for the strongest competitors.
francis1897 answered the question on February 27, 2023 at 13:04
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