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PEG 2001: Anatomy and physiology Notes 1st Year 1st semester

Institution: Kenyatta University

Course: Nutrition and Dietetics

Content Category: Summaries

Posted By: 07977439xx

Document Type: DOCX

Number of Pages: 38

Price: KES 200
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Summary

CERTIFICATE 1.1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY NOTES
INTRODUCTION
Body is made up of a number of systems that work interdependently. Each system is associated with a specific function that is normally essential for wellbeing of the individual.
When one system fails the consequences can extend to others and may greatly reduce the ability of the body to function normally.
Anatomy- It is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationship between its constituent parts.
Physiology- is the study of how the body systems work and the ways in which their integrated activities maintain life and health of individual in absence of disease.
Pathology- Is the study of abnormalities and patho-physiology considering how they affect body functions often causing illness.
Levels of structural organization
Atom forms molecules
Bio-molecules forms cell.
Cells form tissues
Tissues form organ
Organ form organ system
Organ systems forms the body
Level of structural complexity.
Atoms combine to form elements then forms compound of which there is a vast rage in the body.
Molecules consist of two or more atoms that are chemically combined (covalent and ionic bonds) covalent bond is when atoms share their electrons with each other and forms a strong stable link between its consequence atoms hydrogen plus oxygen they form a covalent bond to form water.,
Ionic bonds are weaker bonds and are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another e.g. Sodium plus chlorine gives Sodium chlorine (Nacl)
If water was a less stable atom and the atoms came apart easily then human biology could not have evolved. On the other hand, the body depends on breaking down of various molecules sugars, fat to release energy for cellular activities hence ionic bonding.
Characteristics of life
1. Movement – change in position ; motion
2. Responsiveness – reaction to change
3. Growth – increase in body size ;no change in shape
4. Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
5. Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
6. Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized e.g sperm,cell,nerve cell
7. Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
8. Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
9. Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
10. Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
11. Excretion – removal of waste products produced by metabolic reactions
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