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SZL 200: Vertebrate Zoology Notes

Institution: Kenyatta University

Course: Bachelor of Science

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: davidkariuki1010

Document Type: DOCX

Number of Pages: 150

Price: KES 150
 
    

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Summary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Copyright ii
LESSON 1: VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Position of Vertebrates in the Animal Kingdom 1
1.3 Definition of a Vertebrate 3
1.4 Diversity and Classification of Vertebrates 5
Since we cannot study every vertebrate for us to learn, a brief classification can be given. 6
Classification of Chordata 6
1.5 Summary 9
LESSON 2: THE ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES 11
2.0 Introduction 11
2.1 Objectives 11
2.2 Chordate Evolution 11
2.3 Phylum Hemichordate 12
2.4 Subphylum urochordata (tunicates) 14
2.5 Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) 18
2.6 Subphylum Vertebrata 21
2.7 Summary 22
LESSON 3: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF VERTEBRATES 23
3.1 The Vertebrate Teeth 23
3.2 The Vertebrate Heart 23
3.3 Vertebrate Kidney 25
LESSON 4: CLASS AGNATHA 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Objectives 27
4.3 Characteristics of Class Agnatha 27
4.4 Ostracoderms 28
4.5 Lampreys 28
4.6 Hagfishes 31
4.7 Distinguishing characters between Petromyzon and Myxine 32
4.8 Summary 33
LESSON 5: CLASS CHODRITCHTHYES CARTILAGINOUS FISHES 34
5.0 Introduction 34
5.1 Objectives 34
5.2 Early Jawed Fishes. 34
5.3 Class Acanthodii 36
5.4 Class Placodermi 36
5.5 Class Chondrichthyes 37
5.6 Adaptive Radiation of Cartilaginous Fishes 39
5.7 Summary 40
LESSON6: CLASS OSTEICHTHYES- BONY FISHES 41
6.0 Introduction 41
6.2 Objectives 41
6.3 Difference between Bony Fishes and Cartilaginous Fishes. 41
6.4 Basic Features of Bony Fishes 42
6.5 Actinopterygit 44
6.6 Sarcopterygii 46
6.7 Summary 47
LESSON 7: AMPHIBIANS 48
7.1 Introduction 48
7.2 Objectives 49
7.3 Characteristics of Amphibians 49
7.4 Adaptations of Amphibians to Terrestrial Life 54
7.5 Skeleton and Muscles 55
7.6 Summary 62
7.7 Further Reading 62
LESSON 8: REPTILES 63
8.1 Introduction 63
8.2 Objectives 63
8.3 Features That Enabled Reptiles to Be Fully Terrestrial 63
8.5 Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Reptiles 69
8.6 Interaction of Reptiles and Humans 72
8.7 Summary 72
LESSON 9: BIRDS 73
9.1 Introduction 73
9.2 Objectives 73
9.3 Characteristics of Class Ayes 73
9.4 Structure of a Bird 75
9.4.4 Muscular system 81
9.5 Other Adaptations of Reptiles 88
9.6 Summary 90
LESSON 10: CLASS AVES: BIRDS 90
10.1 Introduction 90
10.2 Objectives 90
10.3 Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Birds 91
10.4 Types of Birds 93
10.5 Ecology of Birds 94
10.6 Birds' Reproductive Behaviour 96
10. 7 Birds voice 97
10.8 Migration 97
10.9 Birds and Humans 98
10.10 Summary 101
LESSON 11: CLASS MAMMALIA 102
11.1 Introduction 102
11.2 Objectives 102
11.3 Characteristics 102
11.4 Structural Features Body Covering 103
11.5 Adaptations of Mammals 108
11.6 Origin of Mammals 109
11.7 Types of Mammals 110
11.8 Summary 124
PRACTICALS 125
PRACTICAL 1 125
PRACTICAL 2 127
PRACTICAL3 130
PRACTICAL 4 132
PRACTICAL 5 135
PRACTICAL 6 138
PRACTIAL 7 140
...............


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