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CRSS 102: Introduction to Theories of Crime Notes

Institution: Chuka University

Course: Bachelor of Arts in Criminology and Security Studies

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: 07467460xx

Document Type: DOCX

Number of Pages: 42

Price: KES 100
 
    

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Summary

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Early criminological positivists were primarily biological theorists. Biological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors through examination of individual characteristics. These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism (also known as determinism), which asserts that behaviors, including law-violating behaviors, are determined by factors largely beyond individual control.
Biological explanations of crime assume that some people are ‘born criminals’, who are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. The most famous proponent of this approach is Cesare Lombroso.
Lombroso’s work has long since fallen out of favour. However, biological theories have continued to develop. Rather than measuring physical features of the body, contemporary approaches focus on:
· Biochemical conditions (e.g. linked to poor diet or hormone imbalance)
· Neurophysiological conditions (e.g. learning disabilities caused by brain damage)
· Genetic inheritance and/or abnormality
· Intelligence
3.3.1 Somatotypes -
William Sheldon believed that people could be classified into three body shapes, which correspond with three different personality types.
1. endomorphic (fat and soft) tend to be sociable and relaxed.
2. ectomorphic (thin and fragile) are introverted and restrained
3. mesomorphic (muscular and hard) tend to be aggressive and adventurous.
Sheldon, using a correlational study, found that many convicts were mesomorphic, and they were least likely to be ectomorphic (Sheldon et al 1949).
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