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UCU 103: Critical and Creative Thinking Notes

Institution: Kenyatta University

Course: Bachelor of Education

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: kemoda111

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Number of Pages: 36

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Creative and critical thinking lecture notes simplified and easy to understand. All course content covered.

UCU 103 CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING


PHILOSOPHY

MEANING

ETYMOLOGICAL (LITERAL MEANING)
The term “Philosophy” derived from the Greek words; philo– love and sophia-wisdom
Implies that philosophy is a thoughtful and creative response to the exigencies of life
It is the search for answers, for understanding, for knowledge, it begins in wonder, curiosity, doubt
Is an attempt to ask and answer fundamental questions of human life and world.

GENERAL SENSE OF PHILOSOPHY (POPULAR SENSE)

A person’s attitude towards certain actions, activities e.g. a person’s philosophy of life
A people’s unique way of looking at the world; a people’s world view. This would be sum total of their fundamental beliefs and convictions
A general outlook on what constitutes ideal society e.g. national philosophies. Examples; Harambeeism, Nyayoism, Ujaamaism etc.
Thus all people and cultures can claim to have a philosophy to the extent that they have some ideas about: physical objects/world; man; meaning of life and death; good and bad; right/wrong; beauty and ugly etc..These idea or views may be a result of deliberate thinking or may be largely a result of convention

TECHNICAL PHILOSOPHY
Specialized area of inquiry distinguished by its experts, language, method, content
Traditionally, Western philosophy is divided into four main branches viz; epistemology, metaphysics, logic and axiology.
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge; it inquires into the nature, validity, criteria, and sources of knowledge.
Metaphysics deals with speculative questions in such areas as; cosmology, ontology, theodicy, rational psychology.
Logic focuses on rules, principles of reasoning by which we distinguish good from bad reasoning
Axiology is the philosophical study of values, for example artistic and ethical values. Ethics and Aesthetics are sub-branches of Axiology.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy transcends common sense view of world. It is characterized by the following:

Philosophy is CRITICAL
Accepts only what is well grounded
Bases convictions, beliefs, and actions on well reasoned grounds
Frees us from slogans, hypocrisy
Philosophy is INQUIRING
Open minded view of worlds
360% perceptibility of issues, not straight – jacket
Philosophy is QUESTIONING
Not yes men/women
Questions – popular views, values, norms, traditions etc
Paradigm example SOCRATES
Philosophy is REFLECTIVE
Scrutinizes common sense view to discover the underlying basis and validity
Philosophy is RATIONAL
Relies on power of reason to see the how we can stretch human reason to answer fundamental questions

EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS
Philosophy is a method of reflective thinking and reasoned inquiry; as a method it is careful and accurate thinking, philosophical method is reflective and critical
Philosophy is an attempt to gain a whole view of the world; philosophy takes a holistic view of reality
Philosophy is a personal attitude towards life and universe; a philosophical attitude is one that is searching, critical, open-minded, tolerant etc
Philosophy is a group of problems as well as theories about solutions to these problems
Philosophy rationally examines the basic problems that affect man and world he lives in.

RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

Liberates individuals from narrow- mindedness to open- mindedness
Opens up one’s scope of perception, it enlarges our scope of awareness.
Develops in individuals logical, coherent, systematic, consistent, clear thinking
Such thinking enhances our rational capacity – which enhances decision making and problem solving.
Philosophy helps to come to terms with meaning and significance of human life in its existential conditions. How we experience the world as individuals but also as collectivities, for example by grounding our values on rational grounds, foundation or basis; sharpening our moral sensibilities.
Philosophy helps to provide answers and explanations to some of the most complex, troubling questions of human existence e.g. death, destiny of man etc.
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