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HFN 806: Advanced Nutrition and Biochemistry Notes

Institution: Kenyatta University

Course: Masters in Food Nutrition and Dietetics

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: gamergirl

Document Type: PDF

Number of Pages: 100

Price: KES 250
 
    

Views: 453     Downloads: 4

Summary

1. LECTURE ONE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Lecture objectives 5
1.3 Definition and functions of carbohydrates 5
1.4 Classification of carbohydrates 5
1.4.1 Monosaccharides 5
1.4.2 Oligosaccharides 12
1.4.3 Polysaccharides 14
1.5 Sources of carbohydrates 15
1.6 Activities 16
1.7 Self-test questions 16
2. LECTURE TWO: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROTEIN 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Lecture objectives 17
2.3 Functions of protein 17
2.4 Amino acids 17
2.4.1 Classification of amino acids 19
2.4.2 Structure of amino acids 19
2.4.3 Essential amino acids 21
2.4.4 Reactions of amino acids 22
2.5 Structure of protein 25
2.5.1 Classification of protein 27
2.6 Dietary protein 28
2.7 Protein Quality 29
2.8 Methods of assessing protein quality 33
2.9 Activities 36
2.10 Self-test questions 36
3. LECTURE THREE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIPIDS 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Lecture objectives 37
3.3 Functions of lipids 37
3.4 Lipid classification 37
3.5 Structure of fatty acids 38
3.5.1 Nomenclature and terminology of fatty acids 38
3.6 Omega classification of fatty acids 41
3.6.1 Essential fatty acids 42
3.6.2 Trans fatty acids 44
3.7 Glycerides (glycerol containing lipids) 44
3.8 Non-glyceride lipids 46
3.9 Complex lipids 47
3.10 Reactions of lipids 48
3.11 Activities 49
3.12 Self-test questions 49
4. LECTURE FOUR: METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES 50
4
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Lecture objectives 50
4.3 Principal characteristics of metabolic pathways 50
4.4 Carbohydrate metabolism 51
4.5 Glycolysis 53
4.5.1 The individual reactions of glycolysis 53
4.5.2 Metabolic fate of pyruvate 57
4.5.3 Importance of glycolysis 58
4.5.4 Regulation of glycolysis 58
4.5.5 Regulation of blood glucose level 59
4.6 Gluconeogenesis 59
4.6.1 Steps in Gluconeogenesis pathway 60
4.6.2 Regulation of Gluconeogenesis 62
4.7 Citric acid cycle 62
4.7.1 Regulation of citric acid cycle 65
4.7.2 Major metabolic pathways that converge on the citric acid cycle 65
4.8 Oxidative phosphorylation 66
4.9 Enzymatic control of metabolic pathways 66
4.10 Activities 67
4.11 Self-test questions 67
5. LECTURE FIVE: METABOLISM OF PROTEINS 69
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Lecture objectives 69
5.3 Amino acid catabolism 69
5.4 Glucose alanine cycle 71
5.5 The urea cycle/ornithine cycle 71
5.6 Amino acid anabolism (synthesis) 75
5.7 Control of amino acid metabolism 77
5.8 Activities 78
5.9 Self-test questions 78
6. LECTURE SIX: METABOLISM OF LIPIDS 79
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Lecture objectives 79
6.3 Lipid catabolism 79
6.3.1 ß -Oxidation Pathway 80
6.3.2 Ketones bodies 81
6.3.3 Fatty acid biosynthesis 83
6.4 Activities 83
6.5 Self-test questions 83
7. LECTURE SEVEN: THE ROLE OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN METABOLISM
88
8. LECTURE EIGHT: FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY.......................


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