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BHU 1101: Critical Thinking and Logic Notes

Institution: Mount Kenya University

Course: Bachelor of Education

Content Category: lecture notes

Posted By: Geniuslife

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Number of Pages: 90

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Summary

CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING AND LOGIC
This course has to do with thinking about thinking. It is an examination of thinking in order to understand and appreciate the extent to which how we think and what we value impact on who we become, what we believe, and what we do. Evaluation and generation of ideas will feature significantly as we reflect on our identity, how we should live, and how we relate to others. The course will attempt to enable learners to:
• Know themselves and take charge of their thinking;
• Evaluate whatever comes their way and generate new ideas;
• Support knowledge claims with reasons and evidence;
• Understand and use tools of evaluation which include: clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, significance, and logicalness;
• Understand and use tolls of analysis which include: purpose, point of view, problem, information, concepts, assumptions, implications, and inferences;
• Understand and cultivate tools of transformation which include: fair-mindedness, humility, empathy, integrity, courage, autonomy, perseverance, and confidence in reason;
• Understand and use argumentation;
• Think through content in varied disciplines and contexts and make good judgments.

THEORY
PHILOSOPHY
Ideological usage
Stoical usage
The technical or professional usage
Distinctive Characteristics of Philosophy
1 Inquiry based on philosophical questions.
2 Analysis
3 Criticism
4 Discussion
5 Evaluation
6 Synthesis
Areas in Professional Philosophy (Branches of philosophy)
1 Metaphysics: This is also called the study or theory of reality. It is reasoned thought about reality. The main question of metaphysics is: what is reality? Other related questions include: Is reality one or many? How is reality accessible if at all?
2 Epistemology
3 Axiology
• Ethics
• Aesthetics
4 Logic
5 The "Philosophy of - " category
Functions of Philosophy
1 Integration of experience
2 Nurturing of our awareness and sensitivity.
3 Clarification and justification of belief
4 Bridging the gap between theory and practice
5 Providing a condition for the freedom of the mind
THINKING
CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING
Aims/ role of CCT in education
Role/importance of philosophy
CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING (CCT)
Importance of critical thinking.
X-tics of creative people
Relationship BTW critical thinking and creative thinking.
Aims of CCT( creative and critical thinking)
INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY:
INTELLECTUAL DISPOSITIONS:
INTELLECTUAL EMPATHY:
INTELLECTUAL INTEGRITY:
INTELLECTUALL STANDARDS:
RATIONALITY:
REASONING SKILLS:
THINKING:

PERSONAL IDENTITY: SELF-KNOWLEDGE

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
DECISION MAKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
.
PHASES OF DECISION MAKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
DECISION AS INTUITION

DECISION AS CALCULATION

DECISION AS COHERENCE
EMOTIONAL COHERENCE
USING INTUITION AND EMOTION TO MAKE GOOD DECISIONS
INFORMED INTUITION
ARGUMENTS
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
STANDARD FORM OF ARGUMENTS
ARGUMENTS IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE
FALLACIES
ERRORS IN REASONING

Definition and Nature of fallacies
FORMAL FALLACY
Modules Ponens

INFORMAL FALLACIES
(a) Appeal to the people or masses (argumentum and populum)
(b) Appeal to Authority (argumentum and verecundiam)
(c) Appeal to force (Argumentum and Baculem) or threat of force.
(d) Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum and Ignorantiam)
(e) Argument against the person (Argumentum and Hominem)
Abusive
For example arguing that Fredrick Nietzsche was mistaken in his philosophical ideas on existentialism because he was a miserable immoral man who eventually died of syphilis involves committing this fallacy. The correctness or incorrectness' has got nothing to do with his morality. The ideas are correct or incorrect on their own merit.
Circumstantial
You too (TU Quoque)
(f) Appeal to pity (Argumentum and miserecordiam)
(g) Fallacy of accident

Fallacy of converse Accident
Fallacies of Ambiguity
(a) Fallacy of Equivocation:

(b) Fallacy of Amphibly
1. Categorical syllogism.
3. Premise
4. Proposition
5. Syllogism

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING

THE GENERAL AND THE SPECIFIC

INDIVIDUALITY

PRACTICALITY OF CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING
CHOICE OF A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM

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