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Nutrition in Emergencies Notes For Certificate/Diploma in Nutrition and Dietetics

Institution: College

Course: Diploma/Certificate in Nutrition and Dietetics

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: Xash

Document Type: DOCX

Number of Pages: 34

Price: KES 300

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Summary

Nutrition in Emergencies Lecture Notes.

Brief Overview:

DEFINITION OF TERMS IN EMERGENCIES

Emergency: They are unusual event that occur and are not part of normal life.

Complex emergency - A humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is a total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict.

Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society causing widespread human material or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected society to cope with its own resources (Nation Disaster Relief Organization) (UNDRO). It can also be referred to an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.

OVERVIEW TO NUTRITION IN EMERGENCY
The concepts applied in management of nutrition concerns in normal nutrition set ups are similar to those in emergencies except for the following;

1. The magnitude is higher as the number of people affected in emergency are more than in non-emergency setup
2. The affected populations in an emergency have minimal or don’t have coping strategies and thus are wholly dependent on relief
3. There are other concerns that sometimes arise in an emergency apart from nutrition issues that need to be addressed also. They directly or indirectly affect nutrition. These include;
a. Psychological issues as a result of death of loved ones, rapes, loss of property
b. Lack of non- food items like shelter
c. Hygiene and sanitation concerns

Characteristics of an emergency;
• An urgent situation in which there is clear evidence that an event or series of events has occurred which causes human suffering or imminently threatens human lives or livelihoods. It is a demonstrably abnormal event or series of events which produces dislocation in the life of a community on an exceptional scale.
• It is a state in which normal procedures are suspended and extraordinary measures are taken in order to avert the impact of a hazard on the community.

• Any situation where there is an exceptional and widespread threat to life, health and basic subsistence, which is beyond the coping capacity of individuals and the community.
• Relatively acute situations affecting large civilian populations, usually involving a combination of war or civil strife, food shortages and population displacement, resulting in significant excess in mortality.

Emergencies are caused by;
• Severe shortages of food combined with disease epidemics.
• Poverty
• Chronic food insecurity
• Poor infrastructure
• HIV and aids
• Global climate change.
• Natural disasters
• Conflict
• Political crisis
• Economic shocks
Nutrition emergencies are much more likely to occur in developing countries than in the developed world

Types of disasters
1. Natural disasters – They are normally of sudden impact or slow onset. The sudden ones occur due to natural causes like earth quake, tropical storm, floods, and volcanic eruptions. The slow onsets are like drought, famine, pest infection, deforestation. Epidemic diseases e.g. waterborne vector borne diseases like. Cholera.

2. Man made – mainly occurs due to human errors and sometimes are of industrial origin e.g. fires, pollution, explosion and spillages.

3. Complex emergencies – this includes wars, civil strike and armed aggression due to political issues or condition.

Phases of disasters
a) Pre-emergency phase - This is a period before a disaster strikes and it may be used to assess how often a particular community is exposed to a particular risk called risk mapping. The protecting action can be taken based on the disaster warning signs and the available resources particularly done to disaster of natural origin e.g. drought and famine that keep on occurring.

b) Impact and flight phase - When a disaster strikes like fire or war, it affects the usual life and may trigger the people to move from usual residence/homes.

c) Acute emergency phase - It begin immediately after the impact and flight phase. The affected populations need sanitation, shelter and water. It is marked by intense and often reactive activity by many humanitarian agencies usually responding to media report of high deaths characterized by high crude rate/deaths.

d) Post emergency phase - The population movement slows down. The immediate needs are being met e.g. water, sanitation and basic health services. This enables critical services to be properly established and maintained. The emphasis shifts to building the local capacity promotion.

e) Repatriation phase - After the emergency is over the displaced people return to their place of origin either on their own or facilitated by humanitarian agencies. They can either be forced or voluntarily.
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Nutrition in Emergencies Notes For Certificate/Diploma in Nutrition and Dietetics

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