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AHT 419: Science and Technology Since 1500 CE Notes

Institution: Kenyatta University

Course: Bachelor of Education

Content Category: Lecture Notes

Posted By: davidkariuki1010

Document Type: DOCX

Number of Pages: 37

Price: KES 200

Views: 854 Downloads: 16

Summary

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Science is a particular way of understanding the natural world. Science is also said to be a systematic process of seeking or producing knowledge. This process is complicated but in very general terms it involves :
- observation and problem definition
- development of hypothesis,
- continuous testing and extensive peer review
- development of theories, laws or principles
But, at the same time, science benefits from some other human values like curiosity, creativity and imagination, and requires a positive attitude for being efficient and effective in scientific development.

Perhaps the most pervasive misconception regarding the characteristics of science is that scientists follow a step-by-step scientific method when conducting research. For instance, many well-established science ideas did not come about from experiments. Experiments are often useful in science, but they have limits. Some of the most fundamental ideas in science were not developed or established through experiments but by other means such as observation, model building and other approaches.

Doing science well requires imagination and creativity. Actual science is so messier and demands imagination and creativity to generate ideas never before considered. Einstein once remarked that imagination is more important that knowledge for that is where novelty arises. He claimed that his ideas regarding relativity emerged from his ideas of imagining what riding on a beam of light would be like.

The generation and acceptance of scientific knowledge often takes much time
In authentic science, ideas emerge and are accepted over much time as scientists are persuaded that an idea is valid. As further research evidence and reasoning supports such ideas, they become so widely accepted by the researchers in the relevant field of research that, as the paleontologist Stephen J. Gould put it, withholding provisional consent would be perverse. New researchers are educated in the latest way of thinking and eventually that way of thinking is accepted as the way nature is.

Science has a Subjective Aspect. Because science is a human endeavor, subjectivity or Preconceived notions cannot be eliminated knowledge scientists bring to their research influences what questions they ask, how they go about pursuing answers to those questions, what data is deemed relevant and irrelevant, and what kinds of answers are plausible. Knowledge, as well as being a product of investigations, is also a tool for making further observations and deriving new knowledge. What scientists think and see is necessarily influenced by the previous thinking they bring to bear on their research.

Science explains: Science has the ability to show the relationships among phenomena which normally could be treated as unrelated. For example, the theory of "moving continents" has emerged by relating various concepts like earthquakes, fossil types on different continents, shapes of different continents etc.
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AHT 419: Science and Technology Since 1500 CE Notes

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