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Properties of Engineering Materials Notes

Institution: College

Course: Certificate/Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Content Category: class notes

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DOWNLOAD Properties of Engineering Materials Notes
Definition of terms
1. Ferrous metals : are those metals which have the iron as their main constituent
e.g.
• pig iron
• alloy steel
• cast iron irons,
• carbon steels,
• alloy steels,
• stainless steels,
• tool and die steels
2. Non-ferrous metals : are those metals which have a metal other than iron as main constituent
e.g.
• aluminium
• copper
• zinc
• brass
• bronze
3. Alloy : are metallic substances composed of two or more elements as either a compound or a solution
e.g.
• bronze
• brass
4. Plastic: are synthetic organic materials, which can be moulded into desired shape when subjected to heat and pressure.
Eg
• pvc (polyvinyl chloride)
• rubber
• synthetic materials
Materials are classified into four main groups, these being determined by their internal structure and consequentials properties
The four main groups are;
1. Metals
2. polymers
3. composites
4. semiconductors
I. METALS
Engineering metals are generally alloys, these being formed by mixing two or more elements for example
a) Mild steel is an alloy of iron and carbon
b) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron chromium, carbon , manganese
The reason for addition is o improve their properties
? Carbon improves the strength of iron
? Chromium in stainless steel improves corrosion resistance
Properties of metals
? High electrical conductivity
? High thermal conductivity
? High relatively stiffness
? High strength
? Can be ductile and thus permit products to bre bend into shape
Classification of metals
a) Ferrous metals i.e iron based alloys
b) Non ferrous alloys i.e not iron alloys e.g aluminium and copper based alloys
II. POLYMERS
These are based on long chain molecules, generally with carbon back bones
Polymers have low electrical conductivity and low low thermal conductivity hence their use for electrical and thermal insulation
When compared with metals have lower densities, expand more when there is change in temperature, generally more corrosion resistant,a low stiffness,stretch more and are not as hard When load they tend to creep I.e the extension gradually changes with time
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
These materials typically have low densities , whereas their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types.
However, on the basis of their low densities,many times their stiffnesses and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics.
In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments.
One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use.
Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic. Fiberglass is sometimes also termed a “glass fiber-reinforced polymer” composite, abbreviated “GFRP.” Many of these are organic substances and derivatives of carbon and hydrogen. Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
Usually polymers are classified into three categories: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers and elastomers, better called as rubbers.
Polymers have very large molecular structures. Most plastic polymers are light in weight and are soft in comparison to metals.
Polymer materials have typically low densities and may be extremely flexible and widely used as insulators, both thermal and electrical.
Typical examples of polymers are polyesters, phenolics, polyethylene, nylon and rubber.
The overriding consideration of the selection of a given polymer is whether or not the material can be processed into the required article easily and economically.
1. Crude oil supplies the majority of the raw material for the production of polymers, also called plastics
2. Polymers can be divided into 3 categories:

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Properties of Engineering Materials Notes

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