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Operating System ICT Notes With Sample Questions and Answers

Institution: College

Course: Information Communication Technology

Content Category: lecture notes

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Summary

Here is New updated Information Communication Technology notes prepared for studies by student undertaking Certificate/Diploma in ICT as a Unit.
The notes are well detailed with sample revision questions and answers.

3.0 OPERATING SYSTEM
3.1 Definition:
Main program that controls the execution of user applications and enables the user to access the hardware and software resources of a computer.
A program that controls the execution of an application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Is a group of programs that manage all activities on the computer.

User application programs do not directly communicate with hardware devices instead they send messages via the operating system which has the capability to give instructions to the hardware to perform a particular task.
Graphical view of the interaction with the operating system as the intermediary (role of operating system)
The operating system provides a software platform on top of which other programs (application programs), can run.
Examples of Operating Systems: Windows, Macintosh OS, LINUX, UNIX, MS-DOS Operating system consists of two main parts namely:
Shell: it is the outer part of the OS used to provide the interaction between the application software
and the user.
Kernel: the core of OS regarded as the operation system. It’s responsible for providing interaction between the application software and hardware resources such as processor, main memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices and communication devices

3.2 DEVICES UNDER THE CONTROL OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM i). The processor
The CPU can only execute one program at any one time and several tasks may require processing hence creating competition. The OS decide which program will be performed and for how long. It has also the ability to stop a particular task to allow the processor to service another one.

ii). Main memory
The OS must keep track of what parts of memory are in use and by who and what parts are free. The OS determines which task will remain in memory awaiting for execution and which one will be sent back to secondary storage to wait.
iii). Secondary storage devices
The OS keeps track of the information on the storage devices and controls how the information is written to and read from the storage device. It also utilizes the free space on hard disk by temporarily holding tasks on it that were in RAM ready for processing but have to wait for some time.
iv). Input / output devices
Since the input/output devices are slower than the processor, the OS will control allocation of I/O devices and attempt to resolve any conflicts which arise. It will too monitor the state of each I/O device and signal any faults detected.

v). Communication devices and ports
The OS controls the overall communication process between various tasks and computers. These devices include modems, network interface cards, etc, which connect via ports.

3.3 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
(i) Job scheduling (CPU)
It refers to allocating each job waiting for execution processor time at each given interval. If the computer have concurrent (several) processes ready for execution the operating system determines which task will be processed first. OS uses technique such as First-in-first-out(FIFO) or Last-in-first- out (LIFO). The OS schedules jobs according to priorities. The higher the priority, the higher the likelihood of being allocated CPU time.
(ii) Resource allocation
Includes controlling the use of computer resources by other system software and application programs being executed. The resources include I/O devices, CPU and processing time. The OS strives to avoid deadlocks by allocating resources wisely to tasks or programs that are competing for them. Each available resource in a computer system is given a unique identification number called an interrupt request (IRQ). The operating system uses the IRQ number to identify the resource being requested. Poor resource allocation would result to an undesirable condition referred to as deadlock. Deadlock is a situation where a particular job holds a requested resource fails to release it, yet it is requesting for resource held by the other job.
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